Poultry Farm: Internal and External Analysis

fowl Farm Internal and External abstract circumscribe (Jump to)IntroductionHistory of interior(prenominal) fowl FarmVision and Mission of Poul shew FarmPorters Five Forces Analysis of Poultry FarmPESTLE Analysis of Poultry Farm cram Analysis of Poultry Farm strategicalal Objectives of Poultry FarmImplementations and ControlConclusion and RecommendationsReferencesExecutive SummaryAl- personal Poultry Farm was organize in 1981 and at present it is consociateed Arab Emirates estimate 1 fearful bring outing comp whatever. The home base of the guild is situated in Al-own(prenominal) while shops that sell their harvesting ar spread either distri notwithstandingivelywhere the country. Other primary(prenominal) offices ar in Abu-Dhabi and in Dubai.the corporation deals in white-livered and egg intersection points and the drug addiction of chicken products and other bird products be very lofty in urban aras.In external purlieu, the operate of the supplier is framea satisfying. in that respect argon dis convertible competitors presents for the Al own(prenominal) fowl call forth. The names of competitor atomic number 18 the homogeneous al Rawdah, al Khazana, and Tasil and so on in that location is withal big threat of tender starter motor in the industry. some times the guests try to do bargown(prenominal)ing hardly the Al own(prenominal) fowl turn mostly prefer fixed determine regularity so on that point is no chances for doing bargaining. thither is huge preserve of the political, legal, and economic, social, ethical and technological issued on the party.Internally, at that place is a instalment for conference with the node interchangeable subscribe in stressation about the prime(prenominal) of the product packing in castingation etc. The leadership is managed by the general concern in the Al personal fowl arouse political party.The image and disposition of the Al personal home(prenominal) fowl leaven among the customers is wakeless. So the customers atomic number 18 wide attached with this nurture comp whatever. If thither ar any stark naked entrances hence it is not severely unnatural. on that point is lesser impact of the import product on this familiarity.The fellowship faces a throat cut competition. in that respect argon both kinds of gamble which is confront by the domestic fowl farm outturn risk and toll risk.The strategic objective of the company comprises of deciding the background of the farm, and channels the k directlyledge to the members of the farmTalking about the grand strategy, the Company wants to list perceptual constancy in its growth and meshs and gum olibanum the company get marrieds st cleverness strategy. Also For making growth, the company has modify itself.Introductionstrategic centering is nothing scarce drafting, implementing and cross checking of motley decisions which shall help the company in achieving its lo ng term goals. It specifies the accepts and objectives of the organization. It helps in formulating various policies for achieving the companys objectives.Strategic Management is an current routine. It is use to evaluate the business as a upstanding and to evaluate its various individual processes. Strategic steering includes assessing processes on a repair basis.Al-own(prenominal) Poultry Farm- History Development gainAl-Ain Poultry Farm was formed in 1981 and at present it is get together Arab Emirates f be 1 chicken delivering company. It is famous for providing the highest persona meat and ballock in the United Arab Emirates as of now. It strives to provide the best and the most sun-loving chicken at the best possible price to the the great unwashed of United Arab Emirates. The company has endlessly been connected to this cause and they will forever and a day continue to be committed to it. Al-Ain Poultry Farms many types of chicken and they ar as well provid ing various varieties of ballock. The headquarters of the company is situated in Al-Ain while shops that sell their product ar spread all either(prenominal)place the country. Other primary(prenominal) offices argon in Abu-Dhabi and in Dubai. All key issues atomic number 18 decided upon by the chair and by the board. Operational issues, managerial works and financial issues be pee-pee c atomic number 18 by the general manager. A sight of technical machines argon be utilise in the fowl farms for the best results. All such(prenominal) machines come under the head technical manager. more(prenominal)over thither be many individual departments which bump off care of topics equivalent sales and tending etc. on that point is a separate consumer care department which is too basically responsible for the sales and sales related issues. Financial departments are divided region wise doneout the country. The general manager is basically responsible for day to day worki ng of the company. (farm A. A., 2010)In the endure two decades on that point has been tremendous growth and instruction in the United Arab Emirates. delinquent to this there has been tremendous growth in the domestic fowl sector of United Arab Emirates. The eating habit has changed a lot in United Arab Emirates. More than 3/4th population of United Arab Emirates is currently residing in urban areas. The consumption of chicken products and other domestic fowl products is very high in such urban areas. There was a time when most pelt and chicken products were imported in the United Arab Emirates. It was somewhere in the middle 90s that local producers of United Arab Emirates were finally able to meet the chicken and bird requirements of the country. At present there is hardly any import of eggs or any other poultry products. Al Ain poultry aims to be the leading poultry product suppliers in the United Arab Emirates they aim at development their shareowners worth and serving t he society by providing high quality chicken and related products. People at Al Ain fork over make public health their first priority. At Al-Ain it is believed that advantage potentiometer be carry throughd through innovation and by preserveing quality of products. Al Ain has a highly trained oversight force which ensures the quality of the product is maintained while production. (2010)Vision and MissionThe Al Ain poultry Farm Company the number one company in UAE. It is located in Dubai, Al Ain and Abu Dhabi. Before the establishment of any poultry farms in UAE all frozen chickens and eggs were imported. Then number of poultry farm came into the market. This light ups UAE self depenlairce country and it is estimated that the protect of eggs and the fresh chickens consumed in the year 2003 were stood at 400 million circa Dhs. During 1996 the Al Ain took an importance place among the poultry farm market in supra mentioned location. It has various competitors like al Rawdah, al Khazana, and Tasil etc. (farm A. A., 2010)Their main mission is supply of the best quality and service with the growth of the share restrainer value. and with this they serve the best quality of chickens to the customer because they do not want to p secular with the health of the customer. Their mission is in like manner to bring ecstasy among the workers. For this purpose, the leadership in the company is held by the Mr. Abdullah Khamis Amer (general manager) he has the quality of relations with looses and success and overly the ability to motivate the employees. To provide best quality of intellectual nourishment, the appointed a technical manager named as Dr. Khalid Mohd Abd El Monem. He is responsible for the developing and maintenance of the engineering science for example the freezer facility for the storage etc. Companys mission is also to earn more profit on lesser damage, to provide all prerequisite information to the customer, and also take their feedback. This is through by sales and marketing team whose state is given to Mr. Fathi Belail.Thus they want to achieve the belief of the customer with grea render quality, product innovation and operation and service efficiency. Their mission and vision are-Public health on their first p authorHigh inspection in the companyGive assurance about their working indemnity to the customerMake relationship among the Al Ain poultry farm and their customerMaintaining and developing the relation with their processorsSupply of but top-hole quality of productGiving the facility of command, dressing and development to all employees.A good leader who stop develop motivation and contribute give support to the employees so they nates achieve their potential.The employees who cigarette befuddle coordination with the ethical standard and target take responsibility for their work. (AlA101)External surroundingsal depth psychologyThe growth of Al Ain poultry farm depends severely on the external e nvironment in the last two decades. The quintuple force simulation of the company is as given below-Porters five force modelBargaining power of suppliersThe service of the supplier is quite fitting. They do not import any chickens from out of the country. So its give benefits in getting discount due to be domestic suppliers. tar on time, good quality of chicks and eggs, helps the Al Ain poultry farm company in winning the trust of the customer.CompetitorThere are various competitors presents for the Al Ain poultry farm. The names of competitor are like al Rawdah, al Khazana, and Tasil etc. Not unless the domestic competitors but the company also faces competition from the abroad. Brazil is the aggressive pretender in UAE chicken markets. The main markets of Brazil are Yemen, UAE, and Saudi Arabia etc. All competitors be in possession of adopted approximately same price policy and quality of product so to compete with them is todays time has produce more difficult.Threat of new entrantsAs we see that there is a lot of scope for growing poultry Farm Company. So there is also big threat of new entrant in the industry. The recent new entrances in market are Ain Quide, Al Surk etc. There business is also expended and they are also keen to establish themselves as the best company.Threat of substitute productIt is not compulsory that the customer will precisely prefer chickens in their food, there are hemorrhoid of substitute for the products of the company. If people are conscious about their health and they fag choose vegetarian food and in non vegetarian thusly shadower prefer fish, mouton or any others.Bargaining power of customersThe customers are also main operator in the external environment. They are educated, so they want to take all information before getting the delivery. In Al Ain poultry farm there is communication network so that they can communicate with the customers. Sometimes the customers try to do bargaining but the Al Ain poultry fa rm mostly prefer fixed determine method so there is no chances for doing bargaining.PESTLE psychoanalysis(P)olitical environmentThe political transcription is prevailing in a countrys policies and pick up of business. An honest, efficient and stable political carcass is become essential factor for the development of any country. In UAE there are three main indispensable institutions executive or government, legislature and judiciary. Among the there the legislature is the most life-or-death political factor which impacts the al ain poultry farm because it includes powers such as policy-making, law making, budget approving mirror of public opinion.(E)conomic environmentThe three economic factors which effect al ain poultry farm are greatism, socialism and communism widely. The al ain poultry always want to be in competition with others. Their profit and wages system are based on the ability and willingness to work. There is also a policy so that any owners can divest his ca pital form the profits. The workers are also free to select an employer and site. Like workers al ain poultry farm select the managers on the basis of their ability. They are also free to make any decision. There are also a limited competition and profits, wages etc fairly in relation to efforts. The company also encourages workers for employment. Generally economic environment consist those factor which break the functioning of a business. In case of al ain poultry farm the economic system comprise price and distribution controls, per capita and issue income, population, financial and fiscal sectors, infrastructure etc(S)ocio-cultural environmentThere are indisputable social factors which are beyond the companys gate. These factors include attitude to exalt, family, marriage religion, education attitude to people toward the work and ethics. Some time due to this factors the pauperization of the al ain poultry farm grew and sometime its falls.(T)echnological environmentengineeri ng environment exerts significant influence on business. The impact of technology on the business can be seen as companys product, services, markets, suppliers, competitors, distributors, manufacture etc. payable to technology environment the al ain poultry farm got the continuous growth from last hardly a(prenominal) years. It is also helpful in increasing quality products. The al ain poultry farm has more capital demand, rise of productivity, more emphasis on R&D, and pressure to become more professional etc.(L)egalThe company is also largely contacted by industrial and animal related laws. The company is also attached to any sue in commercial court regarding quality of food material.(E)thicalEthical factors are concerned with the social responsibility part of the company. The poultry farm has some ethical rules to follow regarding maintenance of animals. For example, the company has to maintain neat safety and neatness level in farm etc.Value chainThe value chain consists of the process of value accompaniment in the products of the company. In Al Ain poultry, the value is been added at every pose of production.The company has large farms and number of hens producing eggs. The company maintains large farms and thus feed the animals so that they can produce eggs and meet which are the key products of the company.The company also adds quality to its products by the mean of proper and regular quality check of the products produced by the farm.At each stage of production, proper documentation is done in order to maintain proper accountability of the system.The company is also projectning to go for ISO 9001 implementation to increase the quality of the products and to add more value in it.Internal analysisThe internal factors consists the factors which are in perspective the company. The internal factors of the Al Ain poultry farm are-Products and serviceThis includes inventory management, product modification, and product fare of Al Ain poultry Farm Co mpany tally to the customer needs. Not only the products, this also includes the Al Ain poultry farm companys sales services, promotional for the product, packing, handling of return product and customization.Communication menstruateThere is a facility for communication with the customer like getting information about the quality of the product, packing information etc. Payments systemThis includes billing for the customer, caring of special customer orders, order frequency, credit entry cheques and others. leadingThe leadership is managed by the general management in the Al Ain poultry farm company. The general manager looks for various operations like general, technical, marketing and financial management performance etc.EmployeesThe employees are the guts of the company and so only skilled roils work here. A satisfactory environment for the working, facility for the coach, support and motivation, giving education to employees, co-operation mingled with the employees and the Al Ain poultry farm company, giving promotion for their work etc are also available in the company.SWOT analysisIf we want to analysis any company then the elementalst method will be the SWOT analysis. This stood for strength, failing, opportunities and threats.The information provided by the SWOT is helpful in matching the resource and capability of the firm in the todays emulous advantages.The Al Ain poultry farms SWOT analysis is as avocation-(S)trengthsThe strength part shows that how the company is capable in utilise its resource as per their capability. The strength of Al Ain poultry farm isThe Al Ain poultry farm company is the 1st poultry farm company in the whole UAE.The image and reputation of the Al Ain poultry farm among the customers is good. So the customers are widely attached with this farm company. If there are any new entrances then it is not severely affected.They used different cost for the different products so that every kind of customer is attached with the company.They have used versatile technology. They used new technologys freezer for the storage of the chickens, piddle resource, method of disposal for the dead(a) birds, preventing them from the dieses and their communication network is so weapons-grade so that they can communicate with the customer in easy way.There is lesser impact of the import product on this company.(W)eaknessEvery company is not capable to its goals because there always remains some weakness in the company. The weaknesses of Al Ain poultry farm are-They faced a throat cut competition. Its true that they are the 1st poultry farm company in whole UAE but due the competitive environment any little mistake can bring a big problem.The whole business depends only on the chicken products. There is a little bit work in egg products but more than 80 part deals in chickens.The distribution channels are also weak. Sometimes its happened that the delivery of chickens did not reach at the right time and the compa ny bears both cost and morale loses.(O)pportunitiesIn simple language the opportunities shows the future, means what will be condition of future for our company. It answers that is there any chances for getting profit or losses. The opportunities for the Al Ain poultry farm are-The main discernment for growth of any poultry farm is because chickens are considered to be healthy protein diet.There is an increment in the standard of living of the customer and if we look the environment of the UAE then there is also growth in non vegetarian people day to day. As a result the demand of chickens is also increased.Day to day new technology is developed, so now they can store more and more chickens, can bring new quality of food with taste.Competition is increased and so the company has became more conscious about the quality and will try to reduce the cost. This will be beneficial for the both Al Ain poultry farm and the customers.They can get more skilled labor that will create a good en vironment within the company and can make cooperation with their leaders.(T)hreatsThe threats refer to the current problem which they are facing. The Al Ain poultrys farm threats are-There are two kinds of risk which is faced by the poultry farm Production risk and price risk.Now a days bird flu is spread in the birds, so in this kind of environment it is more difficult to make a quality product.There are lots of competitors, both domestic and foreign they are facing competition from the other country also.There are lots of substitutes. Due to the substitutes the competition has increased.Thus the SWOT analysis shows the confident(p) and negative side of the Al Ain poultry farm.Strategic objectivesStrategy means making long term direction, taking decision, and apportionment of resource. Basically we take three kinds of decision in strategic objectives. What, for whom and how can we do so the companys objectives are decided in strategy.Practically speaking, now days the poultry far ming has became successful in global market. Thats wherefore the Al Ain poultry farm access to market and specialized inputs with the financial support. So the key strategy of the company is to maintain the supply and ownership of the birds, the whole processing and wholesaling should be the as per the meat hygiene act. The standard of this act areThe transport of meat as per the kind-hearted consumptionHygienic productionPremises processing meat correspond to the human consumptionAs we know that this farm also deals with eggs so it operates it under the regulated system and it is the responsibility of managers for the finding markets for their food.The strategic objectives are-To decide the scope of the farm, and give the knowledge to the members of the farm.All practices are done after the considerations of birds welfare. The poultry covers the topic like lighting, ventilation, health, food security measure and management practices.To give assurance about the safety of manag ers, workers and visitors.Monitoring of various nutrient, impact problems and after that remedial exploit is taken.Possible business model of the company with the consideration of neighborhood competitors.Effect of the import of chickens on the domestic production. Increasement in the value of domestic product and reduce the import dependency.The poultry farms importance in the customers with more diversified and reasonable price.Knowing the link between productivity and income generation.To reduce impact of the uses of meat and to insure that there is no impact on the natural cycle. (Hill, 2009)Generic strategicThere are three kinds of generic strategies for the maintenance and achievement of competitive advantages represent leadership, differentiation, focuses strategy.If we see at the Al Ain poultry farm then conclusion is that Al Ain poultry farm has adopted a differentiation strategy. Because as we know the Al Ain poultry farm focuses on the different kinds of chickens produc t and each products has its attribute so it bursting charge the price according to the products feature. The reasons for adapting to this strategy areBy this they make scrape loyalty among the customer form the rivals.There are all kinds of products according to the customer need so every customer is attached with the special(a) product. Not only for the feature there is also differentiating in the set so that every level of the customers is attached.For managing the supplier also. Why? Because if any supplier charges higher value for the material then it can be managed in any other product and this is possible only when the farm is diversified in chicken products.There is also a benefit from the side of the customers. There will be large number of buyers and we know that if there is large number of buyers then their power for negotiation will be low due to price fixation and low alternatives.If there is any new entry then there will be trifling impact on the customer loyalty.Th us for all higher up the reason the company has adopted the differentiate strategy. But the company also deals in eggs with the chickens so for that company follows the cost leadership strategy which brings the ability to compete with competitors and bring attraction of the customers and reduces the defect rate. (farm A. A., 2010)Grand strategicA record production in poultry and meat industry last year shows that various poultry farms have work harder for the growing consumption need. For the production of chickens the poultry farm has adopted grand strategy by the trade organization.A grand strategy involves the essential action for the long term plan and to achieve its major objectives. So we will give out the Al Ain poultry farm companys grand strategy on the bases of market, diversification, product, organizational development, strategic etc.After the analysis of its corporate and generic strategies, we will discuss the grand strategy on the three levelsGrowth strategyRetrench ment strategicStability strategyFor making growth, the company has diversified itself. For that it does innovation, changes its received and takes the feedback of the customer and also they provide different flesh of chickens. If there is any failure in the receipt then they adopt accordingly. This strategy built willingness in the company to try new things. The company is also trying for the new market for its product. (farm A. A., 2010)The company wants to make stableness in its growth and profits and thus the company adopts perceptual constancy strategy. The Al Ain poultry farm company do the research only on the new product. The research is done on the quality and the price. They do not change the existing products and price policy.There is no curtailment strategy followed by the farm company because they do not want to make any reduction in their business activity.Implementation and controlAfter all this analysis about the external and internal environment and the various str ategies, objectives of the Al Ain poultry farm in UAE we can opine that the poultry farms in UAE are growing day by day. The company has implanted all those objectives and strategy, keeping in mind things like the impact on the environment, what is the government strategy for the poultry farm, the customer suck and the cooperation of the staff and top management. Thats why the production increased by 25 % in comparison to last year and the market share of Al Ain poultry farm is also increased by 20 % in UAE.The various implementations and way they are controlled by the both management and government are mentioned in following-Water supplyThe chickens are preceded in adequate pissing system supply, clean and cool with the better quality. The water is needed in the farm for fire protection and shed cooling. shut this the hatched chicks should also access water within the 72 hour. The Al Ain poultry farm has a reserve capacity token(prenominal) of one day.Vehicular accessThe trans portation policy of the farm is made after the consideration of traffic, delivery vehicles, road works etc. The backing of transportation needs the negotiation of developer, local council and transport development.Noise, electricity supplyThe supply of the electricity is at minimum cost and as per the requirement. But due to the large level of a poultry farm they get three phase of electricity supply. There is noise when the farm is launch and due the various birds and this is controlled by the environment protection policy.Buffer remotenesssSometimes it happens that due to water quality, dust and noise, odor and management policies, some places are affected. So there should be a buffer distances maintained between the farm and impact area. All activity is done for the omission of this kind of practices and dourness.The control on the disease is also an issue. So there is a distance between every poultry farm which is approx 100 meter. state of affairs selection and developmentTh ey have selected the site after the consideration of distance of the market, environment and the government regulation.Water managementWater management includes temperament of dead birds there is an arrangement of disposal of dead birds without any legal injury to the natural environment. Sometime they face the problem of contamination of surface water and ground, odour problems and fly infestation. But they follow the EPA recommendations like freezing of dead birds so that ordure problem can be reduced, and the disposal is done in the licensed water etc.Disposal of waste eggs the eggs are disposal by the composting, rendering the byproduct plan which are environmentally sound.Recommendations and conclusionAfter the analysis about the various parts of the Al Ain poultry farms we can be say that no one is perfect and neither the farm under consideration. In SWOT analysis we have discussed the problem faced by the company. So there should be actions against them.According to us the following action should be taken by the Al Ain poultry farm-As we see that the company mostly deals in cash, so there can be credit facility available to the customers. The company should allow the credit card etc for the payment.The Al Ain poultry farm company deals only in two products Chickens and eggs. So the company needs to diversify itself. It can diversify by the two ways expansion and launching new products. As we see that the business of the Al Ain is only in the three major cities of the UAE so it should established its business in more cities and it should also launch vegetarian food along with this chickens and eggs.As many times its been seen that due to lack of inspection and supervise the birds gets spoil, and they used them without checking them. So there should be regular and proper inspection. It will be good if there is a monitoring system on daily bases.The Al Ain poultry farm disposes the dead bird in the nearest places, which is also harmful so the disposal o f dead bird should be approx deoxyguanosine monophosphate meter far from the company sites.The quality of chickens should be checked. The uncooked chicken should be store in the refrigerators. There should be prevention action from the various dieses like the flu etc.ReferencesAl Ain farm. 2010. encounter to Al Ain poultry farm. Online(Updated on Jan 2010) Available at http//www.alainpoultry.com/ Accessed on April 30th, 2010.Al Ain farm. 2010. Mission and Values. Online(Updated on Jan 2010) Available at http//www.alainpoultry.com/main.asp?id=3 Accessed on April 30th, 2010.Al Ain farm. 2010. Shops and maps. Online(Updated on Jan 2010) Available at http//www.alainpoultry.com/main.asp?id=5 Accessed on April 30th, 2010.Hill, Charles Jones, Gareth. 2009. Strategic Management Theory An Integrated Approach. 9th Edition Cengage tuitionHemodynamics Blood FlowHemodynamics Blood FlowIntroductionHemodynamics is the study of melody flow across the body and forces affecting it, often measur ed using various methods that are either trespassing(a) or noninvasive. Hemodynamic monitoring is necessary for making timely patient assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decisions in case of cardiovascular malfunctions and imbalances caused in the amount of blood ejected by the heart. There are some(prenominal) invasive methods for monitoring blood flow like Thermodilution, Dye dilution and Fick methods. These methods are usually confined to hospitals and clinics with people having specific skills perform, also, these methods are associated with complications like infections, hemorrhage, arrhythmia etc. underground Plethysmography proficiencys which use the changes in electrical electrical resistance over body surface for measurement of changes in the tissue garishnesss can be used to study hemodynamics. Impedance electrocardiography (ICG) is a noninvasive and fictile method of calculating cardiac stroke volume providing information that is similar to invasive moni toring at low cost and risk. While invasive monitoring is done in pre-operative situations on patients already suffering from cardiovascular problems which involves catheter insertion, ICG can be performed on people any time for monitoring hemodynamic parameters that will help in diagnosis of problems occurring in near future. There are multiple ways of monitoring hemodynamics through ICG of which Thoracic electrical Bio opposition (TEB) is a basic variant that involves placement of electrodes on the root of the bed and at the cartilaginous section at the lower end of the breastbone which is not attached to any ribs. The volume of blood flow varies during every cardiac cycle almost periodically. This changes the electrical immunity in chest of drawers region. Negative time derivative of the measured opposition is called impedance cardiogram. inquiry in the field of Impedance cardiography started with the study of flow of fluids in body, especially in cardiac area using Impedac e Plethysmography techniques since 1940s 1Bonjer. By early 1970s Using ICG for computing of cardiac parameters like cardiac stroke volume came on track 2Cooley. Several comparative studies are done in the field between non-invasive ICG and invasive methods like Thermodilution which shown shiny results in favour of ICG 3 Nechwatal, 4Denniston.In 5Quesnay they discussed the implementation of ICG on subjects with heart diseases and while they were playing exercise. reticuloendothelial systemults have shown that cardiac parameters measured during these tests are reliable and mostly accurate. With emolument in technology in ICG, wearable tresss or garments are being designed for facilitating long term recordings and provide comfort to the patients or test subjects 6JUAN. Since the inception of impedance cardiography there has been an increase in the reliableness of the technique and improvement in measurement of cardiac parameters 7Greenfield 13Dilek.Measurement of ICG requires the subjects to lay in a supine position without any movement to start out out the artifacts that are caused due to other body mansions which lead to outcast changes of the maneuver recorded and make the patient uncomfortable. Presence of these artifacts makes it difficult for the people reading the prognostics and also affect the diagnosis leading to results that are inaccurate. These artifacts have to be removed before monitoring the types to take correct decisions through slabbering. Most of these artifacts are non- unmoving in nature and cannot be predicted. Artifacts that are conspicuous in TEB include those digressing with the changes that occur in surroundings like power line interference which makes base line of the original signal to change and with the movement of patient. Some artifacts occur from inside our body like Respiratory artifact that is prominent in ICG .Often patients are required to hold their breath to cancel out this artifact, but it is shown in 5Quesn ay that this may affect the stroke volume parameter. There are also others like accomplishment artifacts and Electrode artifacts which bring changes to the signals that are unwanted.Filtering methods for processing the artifacts are either adaptational or non-adaptive. Since the artifacts that are to be impact in the signals obtained are ever changing in nature, non-adaptive perk ups that have linear transfer functions doesnt provide good results in the process. Whereas time variable potentials can be detected using adaptive interpenetrateing techniques whose filter specifications change at every bar. In 14Huang they used LMS algorithmic rule based adaptive filter for cancellation fo motion artifacts and got satisfactory results. In 15Allan Allan et.al used a scaled fourier linear combined (SFLC) technique is proposed for filtering noncorrelated noise in ICG. They have succeeded in proving that their proposed method could remove noises that are not in synchronization with heart rate. In 16Dormer used SFLC-RLS filter which shows improvement in performance compared to SFLC-LMS filter used in 15Allan. 17Pandey used LMS based adaptive filtering to remove respiratory artifacts in Impedance cardiogram signal. In this paper we discussed application of Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm and its variants Normalized LMS (NLMS), Time varying footfall coat (TVSLMS) Adaptive trample coat (ASLMS) and Constrained stability LMS (CSLMS) in ICG signals for artifact removal. Along with these algorithms, signed regressor form of these variants which decreases the number of computations are also used. The artifacts that are considered in this paper are Power Line Interference (PLI), Respiratory artifacts, Motion artifacts (MA), Muscle artifacts. member II describes the filtering techniques that are used on ICG signals in brief. Section trio provides the information on data acquisition using VU-AMS device. The results and discussions of the techniques used are given in section IV followed by conclusions.Adaptive Filtering TechniquesLMSInvented by Widrow and Hoff in 1960, Least mean comfortings algorithm is a category of adaptive filters that adapt based on current value of flaw signal. excitant to the LMS algorithm is a signal that needs filtering and a in demand(p) signal as reference, LMS is an iterative technique that minimizes the Mean Square Error (MSE) between these two signals. Low complexity is a significant feature of LMS algorithm which made it as a benchmark for other adaptive filtering algorithms. The process of filtering using LMS involves the following steps,Compute the takings from the filter using inputs.Estimating the error between the outturn signal and desired signal.Changing the belt fishs of the filter according to the error obtained above and a constant step surface.The above steps are executed iteratively to reduce the error between filter siding and desired signal. Filter will be of length L, each time L sampl es from the input signal will be processed at a time in each step until consummate samples are processed. Let x(n) be the input of the filter and d(n) be the reference signal. Input is taken from a sliding window over the input. For every step the window slides over required number of samples. Let y(n) be the output from the filter and w(n) is the cant overs of the taps, these weights can be different for every tap. u is the step size which is a constant. LMS algorithm can be summarized in the equalitys below that are in accordance with the steps above,For the first looping arbitrary tap weights are assumed and filtering is started. After a few loops the weights adapt in accordance with the error signal to give desired signal as output. Step size is a main factor that influences weight update equivalence. If the step size is too puny, the convergency of the signal will be too slow and filter requires more memory. If the step size is too high, crossing rate will be windy but there will be information loss.NLMSThe convergence of output towards desired signal depends on weight update equation. Tap weights that are updated are directly proportional to the present inputs. If the future inputs to the filter vary greatly with the present inputs of the filter, there will be an increase in the error signal. To solve this problem the step size in weight update equation is normalized with squared Euclidian form of input vector. The weight update equation of NLMS technique is written as,hither b is a small constant added to avoid difficulties in case of small x(n) set. NLMS method can achieve faster convergence when compared to LMS. Since the step size of these filters does not change much, these are considered as linear filters which give linear output for linear input.CSLMSThis method is an improvement of NLMS algorithm to achieve faster stability conditions. Constrained Stability LMS method is described by the equations that follow,Where and . A positive con stant of small value in the denominator helps preventing problems when value of x(n) is too small. Here the value of error and input in weight update equation not only depend on present value but also previous value, unlike LMS and NLMS where the dependency of weight update equation is more on present values than all the past values combined.TVSLMSStep size in the weight update equation decides the convergence rate of the filter. It is fixed for the filter depending on the input signal, desired signal and required convergence rate. If the input signal is varying with time in an undetermined way, it is difficult to set the value of step size. So, time varying step size method of LMS is proposed. The time variance of step size is determined by a decaying factor. TVSLMS method is described by the following equations,The step size at each step can be varied according to the following function,Where is the decaying factor and C, a and b are positive constants that will determine the val ue of decaying factor. At each step the decaying factor is multiplied with initial step size. This method can achieve faster convergence rate compared to LMS algorithm with constant step size and also can remove the artifacts effectively.ASLMSIn an environment that is not stationary a gradient noise is added to the signal. In such case the value of tap weights change in random fashion instead of terminating on Weiner solution. To overcome this problem Adaptive step size algorithm is proposed where a fourth step is added to the LMS method which resembles the weight update equation. Step size of the filter is updated at each step as,Here is a small positive constant and y(n) is defined as the partial derivative of tap weight vector with respect to step size parameter at a sample or iteration.ASLMS attains faster convergence rate since the step size of next iteration depends on the input and error at current iteration, unlike TVSLMS algorithm where step size of present iteration depen ds on the initial step size.Signed Regressor formIn the methods discussed in this section, from LMS to ASLMS the performance of filters increased with decrease in convergence rate but the computational complexity increased gradually. This will result in grip of attaining desired results. To regulate the problem we use signum function to find the polarity of input signal in weight update equation 21Eweda. By using signum function to input signal we take into consideration only the sign of input signal as shown below,The signum function is given as,The methods discussed above in their signed regressor form have slightly inferior convergence rate and steady state error. But as the mean square error drops the filter speeds up with reduced computations.Simulation and resultsICG signals are acquired through VU-AMS (Vrije Universiteit Ambulatory Monitoring System) device under supervision of expert handlers. This device is used for recording ICG signals many a times and provided reliable outputs 18Gonneke- 20Annebet. Signals are acquired from 19 subjects for a period of 30 minutes. Digitized signals are recorded at 360 samples per second. First 4000 samples of each ICG recording are used for simulation.ReferencesBonjer FH, van den Berg JW, Dirken MNJ. The origin of the variations of body impedance occurring during the cardiac cycle. Circulation. 1952 6415-420.Cooley WL, The calculation of cardiac stroke volume from variations in transthoracic electrical impedance. Biomed Eng 1972 19316-319.Nechwatal W, Bier P, Eversmann A, Knig E, The noninvasive determination of cardiac output by means of impedance cardiography Comparative evaluation with a thermal dilution technique. Basic Res Cardiol 1976 71542-552.Denniston JC, Maher JT, Reeves JT, Cruz JC, Cymerman A, Grover RF, Measurement of cardiac output by electrical impedance at rest and during exercise. J Appl Physiol 19764091-95.M.C. Du Quesnay, G.J. Stoute, and R.L. Hughson, cardiac output in exercise by impedance car diography during breath place and normal breathing, J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 62(1), pp 101-107, 1987.Juan Carlos Mrquez Ruiz, Sensor-Based Garments that Enable the Use of Bioimpedance Technology Towards Personalized health care Monitoring, Doctoral Thesis, Stockholm, Sweden, January 2013, ISBN 978-91-7501-603-0Harley A, Greenfield JC Jr. Determination of cardiac output in man by means of impedance plethysmography, Aerosp Med. 1968 Mar 39(3) 248-52.R.P. Patterson, Fundamentals of impedance cardiography, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., vol. 8(1), pp 35-38, 1989.Major M J World, Estimation of Cardiac Output by Bioimpedance Cardiography, J R Army Med Corps 1990 136 92-99Nancy M. Albert, Bioimpedance Cardiography Measurements of Cardiac Output and Other Cardiovascular Parameters, Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am 18 (2006) 195 202Chintan V Parmar, Divyesh L Prajapati, Pradnya A Gokhale, Hemant B Mehta, Chinmay J Shah, Study of cardiac output based on non invasive impedance plethysmography in healthy volunteers, 2 5 folk Oct (2012) 104 108.E.Pinheiro, O.Postolache, P.Giro, Contactless Impedance Cardiography Using imbed Sensors, Measurement science review, Volume 13, No. 3, 2013Dilek Cicek Yilmaz, Belgin Buyukakilli, Serkan Gurgul and Ibrahim Rencuzogullari Mersin, Adaptation of heart to training A comparative study using echocardiography impedance cardiography in male female athletes, Indian J Med Res 137, June 2013, pp 1111-1120Zhili Huang, Zhenshen Zheng, Yutian Wu, Monitoring Impedance Cardiography By Adaptive Method During External Counterpulsation, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 13. No. 2, 1991.Allan Kardec Barros, Makoto Yoshizawa, and Yoshifumi Yasuda, Filtering Noncorrelated Noise in Impedance Cardiography, IEEE Transactions on biomedical engineering, VOL. 42, NO. 3, March 1995O. Dromer, O. Alata and O. Bernard, Impedance Cardiography Filtering using Scale Fourier Linear Combiner based on RLS algorithm, IEEE EMBS, Sep 2009.Vinod K. Pandey, Prem C. Pandey, Cancellation of Respiratory Artifact in Impedance Cardiography, EMBS, 27th yearbook Conference, IEEE, 2005.Gonneke H. M. Willemsen, Eco J. C. De Geus, Coert H. A. M. Klaver, Lorenz J. P. Van Doornen, Douglas Carroll, Ambulatory monitoring of the impedance cardiogram, Psychophyso/ogy, 33 (1996), 184- 193 . Cambridge University Press.Harritte Riese, Paul F. C. Groot, Mireille Van Den Berg, Nina H. M. Kupper, Ellis H. B. Magnee, Ellen J. Rohaan Large-scale ensemble averaging of ambulatory impedance cardiograms, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, Computers 2003.Annebet D. Goedhart *, Nina Kupper, Gonneke Willemsen, Dorret I. Boomsma, Eco J.C. de Geus, Temporal stability of ambulatory stroke volume and cardiac output measured by impedance cardiography, biological Psychology 72, Elsevier(2006)E. Eweda, Analysis and design of a signed regressor LMS algorithm for stationary and nonstationary adaptive filtering with correlated Gaussian data, IEEE Transactions. Circuits Systems., vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 13671374, Nov. 1990.

Relationship Between Naxalism and Psychology

Relationship Between Naxalism and Psychology cosmopolitanPsychological operation is as old as war. It has formed a p artistic creation of the conflict re resultant role mastercess since the ancient times. CH Brewitt Taylor in his commentary of a Chines textual matter as San Kuo or Romance of the one-third kingdom, observes that, as early as in AD 2000 a group of pro Han loyalists combined basic elements of mental creature, in conflict resolution. Kautalya and Sun Tzu besides enumerated the importance of psychological science as an instrument of war. One could besides exact that the institution of reward and punishments, in amongst other things, as beness a psychological motivator.Naxalism on the other hand is basic every last(predicate)y well-nigh convincing battalion by psychological federal agency using baron or threat of violence as a tool. It belongs in the realms of psychological and psychical attitude of only the people involved. Thus, when naxals perpetuate vi olence they expect reactions of all concerned. If reactions argon not forthcoming, naxalism go past collapse for want of effect. This is an oversimplification of a solution for naxalism. Actions, violent or otherwise, ar bound to elicit reactions from the victims, the onlookers or the sate apparatus. The question than is what should be the reaction to naxal acts? While no iodine method is samely to yield results, psychological trading trading operations would cook a major impact. The accompaniment that naxalism is a enigma in the psychological plane, the solution should also lie in the same plane.The naxals uses violence for propaganda and in numeral the government seeks to control naxalism through repressive means. The collateral consequence is the human beings displeasure. What implys to be considered is that the very disposition of naxal violence oftentimes seems harmful in that it tends to strengthen granting immunity, provide public break throughrage and disli ke, generate slopped public intuition of naxals to be inhuman, which d takestairsmines the naxals claims to legitimacy. Therefore, envisioning the naxals, the victims, the onlookers and the counter terrorist chock up from the psychological point of view dumbfounds important. Consequently, counter propaganda campaign and other psychological operations assume primacy to master(prenominal)tain or extend support to the regime and ebb that for the naxals. producement of the ProblemNaxalism has wide cattle farm in last v years in a big way posing a major contend to our national aegis. In accession to relentless anti Naxaloperations being under taken and development of moved(p) line of businesss in that respect is a charterfor perception oversight of all key players involved by employing suitablepsychological operation themes so as to cut off local anaesthetic anesthetic support to the Naxalites in that location by forcing them to give up arms and give the national mai nstream.This thesis will seek to usher the linkages between naxalism and psychology with a view to analyse impact of psychological operations on dealing with naxalismJustification for the StudyNaxalism straight off has gained universality. This social plague spot physical in most of its manifestations is actually firmly entrenched in the mental plane. Responses to naxalism, particularly in the Indian context, stir been unstructured without a long-term design. The issue has been viewed either as a jurisprudence and pasture problem or in the other end of the spectrum, as a political problem.Added to the complexity of naxalism, we arrive today in our country, on button war like outset intensity conflict in J K, insurgency in the Northeast and political groups of Naxalites and thoroughgoing organisations like SIMI. However, our reaction to each of these groups has been identical repressive measures. No effort is made to understand the political theory of the groups. A clea r understanding of the cause of the groups and characteristics of each would modify application of distinct schema to combat them.ScopeThe dissertation will lay emphasis on naxalism and its field of influence. It is presumed that the dictates of psychological operations, with minor modifications would hazard application in all other forms of act of terrorism.HYPOTHESISEmployment of suitable Psychological Operation Themes for perception management of all key players in addition to relentless use of force and development activities is the key to result the problem of Naxalism in India.PreviewThe dissertation will endeavour to establish the correlation of naxalism and psychological dimensions of naxals. Having done so, the impact and importance of psychological operations on combating naxalites will be crystallised. The study will encompass (a) Analyses of reasons for blossom out of Naxalism.(b) Current system of organization in dealing with Naxalism.(c) Identification of Targ ets for stand of Psychological operations .(d) Suggested Themes.Sources of DataThe data employ in this dissertation has been obtained from books and magazines available in the College library and personal experiences of operating in income tax return Insurgency environment.The bibliography is at appendix.CHAPTER 2Step by Step, almost imperceptibly, domain has descended into the age of terror.Paul JohnsonGENESIS OF NAXALISMNaxalism derives its name from a small closure Naxalbari in Siliguri District of atomic number 74 Bengal, where the oppressed landless farmers rose against the ontogeny by the wealthy landlords. The Naxalites, despite theirideology, be in possession of over the years becomejust another terrorist widening, extorting money from landowners. There are concerns that there is a plan to set up a Red Corridor or a Compact Revolutionary Zone extending from Nepal , Bihar , Jharkhand , through the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh to Andhra Pradesh.Apathetic political science Policy Consolidation and Spread of the MovementThe organisation, however, classified these as socio-economic and legal philosophy and fellowship problems and not as possible internal trade protection threats. Thus, a myopic view of the issue was taken and long term do or intentions of the movement were ignored. The formation of The Communist Party of India (Maoist), an underground outfit on September 21, 2004, through the spinal fusion of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) and the Maoist Communist Centre(MCC) was the biggest breakthrough in recent times.The map below, displays the spread of Naxal action mechanism in India from 55 districts in the middle of the year 2003. In addition to the 131 districts truely under the influence of the Naxalites, and the additional 34 districts that are being targeted by them, there are at least another 63 districts in the country variously afflicted by various patterns of ethnic or communal terrorism and insurgency. This takes the number of districts afflicted by terrorism and insurgency to 228, out a total of 602 districts in the country. More than a third of the country is, consequently, suffering from high degrees of present or voltage dis determine.CURRENT STATUSExpansion and ConsolidationA total of 39 left wg extremist gps are k this instantn to exist, of which the PWG and MCC are the two main gps. These two gps obligate maj ideological differences, yet in tack together to have greater influence and bargaining power they announced the conjugation on 21 Sep 04 to form the Communist Party of India consumer price index (Maoist). Naxalism has spread to 170 dists of 15 posits in varying deg. It is esmt that CPI (Maoist) has approx 7000 cadres of which 3000 are hardcore and well trained in GW.Dandakaryna and AbhujmadhNaxalites op in the very heartland of India, known as the Dandakaryna region which spreads over Chhattisgarh, Orissa, AP, Maharastra and MP. The heart of this region is the stockyly seted orbital cavity of Abhujmadh which is approx 10,000 sq kms. This area till date has not been surveyed by the Svy of India. Nearly 20,000 tribal families live in this area in 237 vills in the most primeval manner. There are no rds or electricity in this area. The Naxalites dispense it as a totally liberated area and a great(p) No. of trg and lgs camps are loc inside. It is the nerve centre of all Naxalite activities to incl Central perpetration and Politburo mtgs.Compact Revolutionary Zone (CRZ)The Maoist of Nepal, PWG and MCC are determined to carve out what they call as the CRZ extending from Nepal through Bihar and then to Dandakaryna region upto Tamil Nadu to give them access to Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. This Red corridor is characterized by thick jungles, tribal belts and under devp region spread over nearly 13 utters of the country and Nepal. The Naxalites and Maoists of Nepal use this corridor for mov of arms and est of trg and rest camps.FACTORS S USTAINING THE MOVIn sound out to learn a chemical reaction to the problem of Naxalism, it is essential to understand the fundamental causes and the factors which are sustaining the mov.Land Reforms. Majority of the people emp in agriculture are landless and poor, they aspire to possess land and this has resulted in a struggle against the plentiful and powerful landlords. Naxalites exploit this sentiment and have found favour among the tribals.Ideology. The ideology deceases at two levels -(a) The Informed and Knowledgeable. The well educated and conditioned get married the mov attracted by the Marxist, Leninist and Maoist philosophy. They provide the ldrship.(b) The Instinctive Revolutionaries. Majority of the Naxals join the mov to find an escape from the oppression and expl at the hands of landlords, govt officials and police force forces. These people constitute bulk of the cadre and are normally ignorant well-nigh ideology.Tribal Policies. British comeed the insurance form _or_ system of government of Isolation of Tribals in order to preserve their uniqueness and cultures but we continue to follow their insurance in the name of preservation. This has led to neglect, under devp and expl of the tribals.New Forest Policy. The forest areas have been notified under Forest Regulatory Act olibanum denying the tribals their traditional means of livelihood.Lack of Infrastructure Devp. The areas touch on by the naxal mov are very lavish in forest and mineral re stocks and yet has not seen any basis devp. The lack of rds, brs, power, industry etceterahas left the area under devp and poor.In decent Governance. In many of these areas there is no governance at all. The civ adm just do not exist. The govt officials do not vis these areas and hence the grants, property and lineations announced by the govt are never implemented. This has leaded the Naxalites to run a parallel govt in these areas. The prac of place Jan Adalats, land distr, constr of irri gation facilities, tax battle array by the Naxals is very jet.Favourable Trn Jungles and Hills. The area selected by the Naxalites spreading from Nepal to Tamil Nadu is a thickly forested. This makes the task of the police forces that much difficult.Financial Sp. The CPI (Maoist) genr approx Rs 500 to Rs 700 crores annually. This money is spent on payment to its cadres, purchase of arms and amn, running of waital org and institutions. The main source of funds is through extortion of wealthy industrialists, contractors, govt agencies and officials, looting of banks and by collecting taxes.RAMIFICATIONS OF NAXALITE difficultyNaxalism has the potential to become a major IS threat to India in the succeeding(prenominal) four years, say by 2014, if sobering efforts are not undertaken to challenge and eliminate it. The main reasons are-(a) Effects of Merger Fmn of CPI (Maoist). The merger will have following implications -(i) Larger Foot Print. CPI (Maoists) has now emerged as the dominant LWE gp. It is forcing the other 37 LWE gps to either join CPI (Maoist) or be prepared to be eliminated.(ii) Enhanced Bargaining Power. As a dominant gp, it will have a far greater bargaining power with the govts in states and centre and try to legitimize its existence, policies and representation.(iii) conjectural Mil Wg. It is estimated that the merger would increase the cadre str from 7,000 to approx 12 to 14,000.(iv) Financial Str. The merger would have great impact on finances of the org taking it from one hundred fifty to 200 crores to nearly 700 crores annually.(b) Recognition and World Wide Visibility. The Naxals are hard desperately to find a voice in international forums so as to get world wide recognition and acceptance.(c) North siemens and East West Corridor. A disturbing, pattern emerges if one were to look at the districts currently under the influence of the Naxalites. They might soon gain a continuous presence along the length and breadth of the countr y and thus carve out a north-south and east-west corridor.naxalitPART 3 se Current strategy of judicature in dealing with Naxalism.To fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence, supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemys resistance without fightingSunTzuezpolicy comprise the following the Government will deal seriously with the naxalites n(ii) Keeping in view that naxalism is not merely a law order problem, thepolicy of the Govt., is to address this menace simultaneously onstrategySTRATEGY TO DEAL WITH NAXALISMThe Government has a clearly defined policy to combat the challenge be by the naxalite menace. This policy comprises the followingcomponents (i) The Government will deal sternly with the naxalites indulging inviolence.(ii) Keeping in view that naxalism is not merely a law order problem, thepolicy of the Govt., is to address this menace simultaneously onpolitical, security, development and public perception managementfronts in a holistic manner .(iii) Naxalism being an inter-state problem, the states will adopt a collectiveapproach and engross a coordinated reaction to counter it.(iv) The states will need to further reform police solvent and pursue stiff and sustained police action against naxalites and their floor singly and jointly.(v) There will be no peace dialogue by the bear upon states with the naxalgroups unless the latter agree to give up violence and arms.(vi) political parties must strengthen their cadre base in naxal touch areasso that the potential youth there peck be weaned away from the path ofnaxal ideology.(vii) The states from where naxal activity/influence, and not naxal violence,is reported should have a different approach with special cogitate on renovated socio-economic development of the unwilling areas andregular interaction with NGOs, intelligentia, civil liberties groups etc.to minimize overground support for the naxalite ideology and activity.(viii) Efforts will continue to be made to p romote voluntary local resistancegroups against naxalites but in a manner that the villagers are providedadequate security cover and the area is effectively dominated by thesecurity forces.(ix) Mass media should be extensively used to highlight the futility of naxalideology and violence and loss of life and property caused by it anddevelopmental schemes of the Government in the affected areas so asto restore peoples faith and confidence in the Government machinery.(x) The states should announce a suitable transfer policy for the naxalaffected districts. Willing, committed and competent officers will needto be posted with a stable tenure in the naxal affected districts. Theseofficers will also need to be inclined greater delegation and flexibility todeliver top hat(p) and step up Government presence and above all improvegovernance in these areas.(xi) The Government of Andhra Pradesh has an effective surrender andrehabilitation policy for naxalites and has produced good results ove rthe years. The other states should adopt a similar policy.(xii) The State Governments will need to accord a higher precedency in theirannual plans to ensure faster socio-economic development of the naxalaffected areas. The center on areas should be to distribute land to thelandless poor as part of the immediate implementation of land reforms,ensure development of physical infrastructure like roads,communication, power etc. and provide exercising opportunities tothe youth in these areas.(xiii) other link issue is that development activities are not undertakenin nearly of the naxalite affected areas mainly due to extortion, threat orfear from the naxalite cadres. In these areas, even contractors are notcoming forward to take up developmental work. Adequate security andother measures would need to be taken to facilitate uninterrupteddevelopmental activities in the naxal affected areas.(xiv) The Central Government will continue to supplement the efforts andresources of the affec ted states on both security and development frontsand brings about greater coordination between the states to successfullytackle the problem.5. riposte MEASURESWhile the overall counter action by the affected states in terms of naxalites downed, arrested, surrendered and arms recovered from them has shown much better results in 2005, there is an urgent need to further improve and strengthen police response particularly by the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Maharashtra by improving actionable intelligence collection and sharing mechanisms and strengthening their police forces on the pattern of Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh. sluice as the states of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to many extent, need to sustain their present momentum of effective counter action against the naxalites and their infrastructure.The Government has taken the following measures to control the naxal problem. recentization of State law of natureFunds are given to the States under the Police Moderniza tion organisation to modernize their police forces in terms of modern weaponry, latest communication equipment, mobility and other infrastructure. The naxal affected States have also been asked to pick up vulnerable police stations and outposts in the naxal areas and take up their weaponry under the Scheme. However, some of the States need to improve the level of utilization of funds under the Scheme.Revision of security department Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme in February, 2005.The level of reimbursement under the Scheme has been raised from 50% to 100% and parvenue items like insurance scheme for police personnel, community policing, rehabilitation of surrendered naxalites, wasting disease incurred on publicity to counter propaganda of naxalites, other security related items not covered under the Police Modernization Scheme etc., have been covered. The Scheme also allows release of funds to the naxal affected States as advance. It is hoped that the revised scheme will ena ble higher level of utilization of funds under this Scheme.Supply of Mine Protected VehiclesKeeping in view the change magnitude casualties of police personnel due to IED/land mine blasts, the naxal affected States have been provided Mine Protected Vehicles (MPVs) under the Police Modernization Scheme. Their supply has been sleek by taking up the matter with the Chairman, Ordinance Factory Board. long-run deployment of Central Para Military ForcesIn order to supplement the efforts of the States in providing an effective response to the naxal violence, Central Para Military Forces have been deployed on a long-term basis as requested by the affected States. The Central Government has also exempted the states from the payment of cost of deployment of these forces for a extremity of three years from 1-7-2004 involving an amount of nearly Rs. 1,100 crores.India Reserve BattalionsThe naxal affected States have been approve India Reserve (IR) battalions mainly to strengthen security ap paratus at their level as also to enable the States to provide gainful involution to the youth, particularly in the naxal areas. Recently, additional IR battalions have also been approve for the naxal affected States. The Central Government will now provide Rs. 20.75 crores per IR battalion as against the earlier amount of Rs. 13 crores per battalion. The States have been asked to advance raising of these battalions.Deployment of SSB along Indo-Nepal BorderIn order to ensure that there is no spillover effect of the activities of Nepalese Maoists to our territory, SSB has been given the responsibility to guard Indo-Nepal Border. The Government has also recently sanctioned new raisings for the SSB to further improve management of borders in these areas. A modernization plan involving an outlay of Rs.444 crores has also been sanctioned for the SSB.Recruitment in Central Para Military ForcesIn order to wean away the potential youth from the path to militance or naxalism, recruitment guidelines have been revised to permit 40% recruitment in Central Para Military Forces from the border areas and areas affected by militancy or naxalism.Backward Districts world-class (BDI)Since the naxalite menace has to be addressed on the developmental front also, the Central Government has provided financial assistance of Rs. 2,475 crores for 55 naxal affected districts in the 9 States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh West Bengal under the Backward Districts Initiative (BDI) component of the Rsahtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY). Under this Scheme, an amount of Rs. 15 crores per year has been given to each of the districts for three years so as to fill in the critical gaps in physical and social development in the naxal affected areas. The Planning Commission has been requested to include other naxal affected areas under their proposed Scheme of Backward Regions Grant Funds (BRGF) for which an outlay of Rs. 5,00 0 crores has been set isolated from this fiscal year (2005-06) onwards.Tribal and Forest elated issuesIn order to address the areas of disaffection among the tribals, the Government has introduced the Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill, 2005, in parliament on 13.12.2005. Further, to facilitate social and physical infrastructure in the forest areas, Ministry of Environment and Forests has, as requested by the MHA, issued general approval to allow such infrastructure by utilising upto 1 hectare of forest land for non-forest purposes. That Ministry has also permitted upgradation of kutcha roads constructed prior to 01.09.1980 into pucca roads.Effective implementation of land reforms and creation of employment opportunities in the naxal areasNaxal groups have been raising mainly land and livelihood related issues. If land reforms are taken up on priority and the landless and the poor in the naxal areas are allotted surplus land, this would go a long way in tackling t he developmental aspects of the naxal problem. The States have been requested to focus greater attention on this area as also accelerate developmental activities and create employment opportunities in the naxal affected areas with special focus on creation of physical infrastructure in terms of roads, communication, power as also social infrastructure such as schools, hospitals etc.6. MONITORING MECHANISMSThe Central Government accords a very high priority to review and monitor the naxal situation and the measures being taken by the states on both security and development fronts to control it. Several monitoring mechanisms have been set up at the Center to do so. These include a periodical review by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) Of the naxal situation, Standing Committee of the psyche Ministers of the naxal affected states chaired by the Union base of operations Minister, Quarterly Coordination Center meetings chaired by the Union Home Secretary with the Chief Secretarie s and the Directors General of Police of the affected states and the monthly Task Force meetings of Nodal Officers of naxal affected states/Central agencies chaired by Special Secretary (IS), MHA. The states have also been asked to dedicate a monthly review by the DGP and the naxal situation and the measures and strategies to contain the naxal problem .7. CONCLUSIONThe Central Government views the naxalite menace as an area of serious concern. The Government remains firmly committed and determined to address the problem. The current strategy is (i) to strengthen intelligence set-up at the state level (ii) pursue effective and sustained intelligence driven police action against naxalites and their infrastructure individually and jointly by the states and (iii) accelerate development in the naxal affected areas. The Central Government will continue to coordinate and supplement the efforts to the state governments on both security and development fronts to meet the challenge posed by the naxal problem.PART IV CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OFPSYCHOLOGICAL operationsThe essential function of psychological operation is to insure peace and turning away of human suffering due to war.Raj NarainGeneralLiuebarger states that Psychological Warfare is waged before, during and later war, it is not waged against the opposing psychological warfare operators, it is not controlled by the laws, impost and customs of war and it cannot be defined in terms of terrain, order of battle, or named engagements. It is a continuous process. Success or failure is often known only months or years after the execution of the operation. Yet, success, though incalculable can be overwhelming and failure, though undetectable can be mortal. Statecraft instruments of economic and military interventions are physical and measurable. The instrument of diplomacy and psychology are obstructs which dwell in the realm of adroit and emotional state of mankind. These instruments are used to win the hearts an d mind. memorial of Psychological OperationsOne of the earliest know application of the art of psychological warfare was Gideons use of the lamp and pitchers in the battle against Midianites in 1245 BC. This slip of use of unfamiliar instruments to remind panic in the enemy is common in thehistory of warfare. In China, Empire usurper Wsng Mang tried to disgrace the Hunnishtribes. Han military emperor used animals to scare away the enemy. In about the same time, AD 2000, a group of loyalist pro Han rebels issued a proclamation on the eve of a military operation, which is even today the essence of psychological operation. The proclamation included Naming the specific enemy. greet to the better people.Sympathy for the common people.Claim of support for the legitimate government. financial statement of ones own strength and high morale.Invocation of unity.Appeal to religion.Probably, this was the first accredited structured psychological operations dictum. These forms a part of a te xt in Chinese, titled Chung, San Kuo Chih Yen-I by Lo Kuan translated as San Kuo or Romance of the three kingdom, by Brewitt Taylor. The concepts of psychological warfare are found in the literary works of Herodotus the Greek historian. Ghenghis Khan during his campaign into South Eastern Europe used agents to propagate stories of the size of the army to magnify his strength in the minds of the enemy. In the Byzantine Empire, whole battalions were made to change uniforms and appear in front of select audiences in an attempt to exaggerate numbers. Closer home, the Ramayan and Mahabharat have natural example of Psychological Warfare in the form of misinformation and guile, the killing of Abhimanyu and Drona being two such examples.The publication of Hebertss The Psychology of the Battlefield (1897) though unruffled born, was the forerunner of modern psychological warfare. It was in World War I, to incite the challenge of soldiers leaving the battlefield, that psychological warfare sawits true advent in the modern battlefield. During the inter war period the study in this field continued. Particularly, the Germans effort in establishing a Psychological Genera Staff classify which worked on themes such as leadership, selection, indoctrination, relation between officer and soldiers, homesickness, suicide, sex, the word of eccentrics, cowardice, desertion etc. The psychology of combat included work on aggression, morale, fear isolation and panic. During World War II military psychology was in centre stage. It saw application in the battlefield, on own troops as also on the warring nations civilian population. in all this time, application of psychological operation in terrorism and other forms of low intensity conflict have been unstructured. While a lot of work in this field is being carried out, no formalised stratagem has evolved. exposition of Psychological OperationsLiuebarger defines psychological warfare as the use of propaganda against an army, togeth er with such other operational measures of military, economic or political nature as may be required to supplement propaganda. Indian host glossary is more apt in defining psychological operations It is the planned use of propaganda and other measures, designed to influence the opinions, emotions, attitude and deportment of enemy, neutrals or friendly groups, in support of current policy and aims, or of a military plan.Need for Psychological OperationsEven in territorial states the menace of terrorism cannot be wiped out by state muscle power alone, but reconciling with the political, cultural, economic aspirations of minorities. It would only than be feasible to isolate the misguided terrorist from public sympathy and social mainstream. West German GSG 9 strategy to hunt down Boader Mainboff group was kill the killer and it failed. The lack of success of GSG 9 was mainly due to the fact that Boader-Mainboff Group was small with little or no mass support, however, GSG 9 also did n ot find public acceptance of the strategy adopted. terrorism uses the plank of psychology to gain acceptance of their cause. Therefore, countering the psychological impact of terrorism and strengthening the fortitude of the people to resist and fight terrorism are the most significant aspects of overall operations against terrorism. In the grand strategy of a campaign against terrorism, success in this sphere is more spanking than even the police operations.The very nature of anti terrorist operations results in a number of counter productive consequences Disproportionate use of force levels.Repressive methods leading to loss of civil liberties and in some cases fundamental rights.Injury and even loss of life of innocents.Extensive physical reproach and more harmfully damage to the very socio-economic fabric of a society.The ersatz strategy is the use of psychological operation as a preen to reduce the virulence of military operations. Psychological operations have some distinct advantages in combating terrorism. As enumerated by Liuebarger, these are-(a) Bring to attention of the soldier those elements of the human mind, which are usually kept out of sight. transfer lust to resentment, friction to distrust, prejudice to fury.(b) Set up techniques for finding out how the enemy really feel. Some of the worst blunders of history have arisen from miscalculation of the enemies state of mind.Help in maintaining sense of mission and of proportion.Examine the best media, timing and tone.Psychological operations are non-aggressive and non-lethal in nature. Unlike p

A Basic Of GPS Technology

A Basic Of GPS TechnologyGPS Global Positioning transcriptions was a appliance l curio oneselfd by who has the need to navigate with the air through the zap radio. Basic on the whole(prenominal)y, GPS was uptake for track hinting in individual usage and it potentiometer use by contrary devices ilk pocket PC, forerunner and etcetera But, nowadays a lot of organizations nuclear number 18 utilise GPS engineering to accession their business productivity equivalent logistics comp whatsoever use GPS to keep track of the alley in fiat to decrease the delivery prison destination, impress way or union use GPS to navigate the travel location and so on. The GPS is a rapid growth engineering science, which leads enhance flexibility and verity of bil permit introduce for surveying, seafaring and GIS in formation capture. It raft divide by front man end and confirm end usage in substance abusers department enthrall in a set of business GPS musical arrangement. Front end lie d give navigation and back end include GIS entropy capture and surveying.GPS was a beams ground system which is shoes- origind navigation system. By converse with the satellites, GPS entreat 3 parts of segments that ar space segment, reassure segment and user segment. The GPS satellites phone number as a references point from sector to ground detect the bringrs plaza. By detecting the position, GPS satellites competent to receive the entropy from counting the longitude and latitude of the receivers hence send back the require appointive learning to receivers in put together to allow the pointer move on symbolize shows. The symbolize tear is a file with extension (.img) which is cargon show file from our Windows. This social function file just visible(prenominal) in navigation devices kindred pocket PC and GPS sailing masters GIS info capture was using dissimilar rule to manipulate the GPS technology and opposite infrastructure. T he famous GPS navigation device producers and go reserver be Garmin and Tom Tom. They be using government satellites and only al depressive dis exhibition accessing the satellites for navigation purpose.1.2 The History of GPS TechnologyThe first GPS satellite was visible(prenominal) in fall in Stated government which is for military usage in Air index in early 1978 called NAVSTAR (Navigation musical arrangement with Timing and Ranging), now we called as GPS. At the same succession, U.S. defence (Department of defence) has launched 11 satellites in chain of mountains. In the year of 1979, U.S. DoD decided to expand the satellites system which is sum up the quantity of the satellites in orbit from 11 to 18 and at the next year, which is year of 1980, the GPS atomic age onboard satellites has activated by using these 18 GPS satellites. GPS satellites atomic number 18 not only implemented by U.S. At the year of 1982, Russian Federation Ministry of Defense has launched a first GPS satellite for their country it is called GLONASS (GLObal NAvigation Satellite clay). measuring of GPS satellites too has increased from 18 to 24 in year of 1988 because 18 satellites were not satisfying the requirements from these countries. In year of 2000, GPS technology growing into consumer and effort usage, it is no longer is the patent for military purposes which mean it allow use in individual and business. 50th GPS satellites have been launched on year of 2004, on purpose to financial aid to meet the requirements from the civilized, industry and military. Year 2005, a additional GPS satellite launched in order to support the new military M- communicate and the second civil luff L2C called IIR-M GPS satellite. This satellite developed by Lockheed-Martin, this character reference of satellite batch buoy help to increase the business leader of contract to receivers on the land, improve the certification with enhanced encryption method and likewise in clude anti- jamming capabilities for military.CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL OF GPS engine room2.1 GPS constituentsThe GPS technology was established by 3 segments or as cognize as GPS system segmentation which be space segment, control segment and user segment. They are execute dissimilar tasks and send or receive different kinds of signal to each other when GPS is achieveing the tasks.2.1.1 Space memberThe space segments major component is GPS satellites. The space segment currently has 28 satellites orbiting the earth on 6 different orbital planes. The satellites orbit altitude was selected so that the satellites only repeat the same orbit track over any point on earth on 24 hours which mean each satellites has its own track, they forget not go along on others track. The exceed amidst earth surface and satellites are slightly 20,200 kilometers and satellites travel at close 12,000 kilometers per hour rounding the earth. Every satellite was using solar power with a backup ba ttery and it contains a microwave radio transmitter and receiver, and one or to a greater extent atomic clocks and small drug peddlers using for course correction and special antennas. The special antenna on the GPS satellites are envisioned for allow GPS entropy signals to be send and receive anywhere from the earth surface with distance or so 5,000 kilometers into space. This service not only meets the individual usage requirement, it is also providing the military needs which satellite track and missile guidance capabilities.2.1.2 Control SegmentThe control segment is a satellite lay which is operated by U.S. military. thither are 5 satellites institutionalise in the world but 4 are unmanned satellite stations. These 4 unmanned satellites station are established at Hawaii (Pacific), Ascension (Atlantic), Diego Garcia (Indian) and Kwajalein (Pacific). They are apply for receive and send info to or from satellites and trace the actual position of the satellites. Then, t he study from 4 unmanned satellites station is periodically send to master station which is in Colorado Spring (U.S.), master station exit aggregate the knowledge and establishes correction factors. This information was utilize for update atomic clocks on satellites if necessary and also bottom use to adjust the thruster position in orbits and maintain them in the proper slot.2.1.3 User SegmentThe user segment is related with the all the GPS receiver users and GPS satellites signal. It is very central to track the position of the GPS users. User segment transmit GPS signal with satellites as synchronizing if each of them befuddled the signal connection, satellites provide not able to track the GPS users position. GPS satellites heap transmit the information with unlimited GPS receivers at any one time and providing stable connectivity with all the users. The user segment served by many commercial industries whose like GPS device manufacturers and resellers are selling GPS hardware, practise and service. Anyone selling GPS devices are not requiring license, fees and restriction to access to satellites.2.2 info arrange and Hardware InterfaceIn order to let GPS receivers social occasion properly, it requires different signals from GPS satellites. These signals are b passagewaycasted by satellites after time and position are rigid and accountd. To ensure the GPS receivers and satellites push aside work properly by each others, manufacturer willing provide defined entropy format and protocol ( branded) or using international standard information format (NMEA).2.2.1 selective information coiffe information Format had separate by 2 types which are proprietary and NMEA data format. In this section, it will state the details of both data format for GPS technology.Proprietary Data FormatPropriety data format was a data format formatted and defined by manufacturer itself. close manufacturers define their own data sets and control command in GPS r eceivers. For example, data require by receivers from GPS satellites will be formatted to proprietary format to works to their own brand receivers such as prime, revive, status, position and etc. all can be communicated. incompatible manufacturer or receivers brand has different propriety data format because each manufacturer has develop their own data format.NMEA Data FormatNMEA Data Format was controlled and created by U.S. fannyd National Marine Electronics Association. It employ for ensure data exchange operate places without any issues and course of instruction of works by standardized the data format. NMEA was a combination of the galvanizing and data specification use for communication between GPS receivers. NMEA used a simple protocol to define how a data transmitted to a message from a GPS satellite to many GPS receivers which means data send by GPS satellites will be translate to NMEA in order to let GPS receivers to understand.2.2.2 Hardware InterfacesAntennaAnte nna absolutely used for receive GPS signal from satellites. Antenna for GPS receivers are 2 types available in our market, they are tack antenna and Helix antenna. Patch antenna is a now and normally has a metalized and ceramic body which amounted on a metal base plate. Helix antennae has a cylindrical helical and mounted on a ground plane. Compared with patch antenna, helix antenna had high gain signal and stable. To ensure patch antenna has high degree selectivity by GPS receivers manufacturers, the base to patch surface ratio has been modified and adjusted to meet the littler GPS receivers requirements.SupplySupply in GPS receivers are used for supply power to GPS receivers. Basically, receivers must be powered an external voltage source about 3.3 Volts to 6.0 Volts.Time PulseTime pulse used for GPS receivers to generate time pulse in every second. Most of the time format will be synchronize to coordinated universal time (Universal Time Coordinated) time format by time pulse. T ime format before synchronize generate to UTC format are TAI (Atomic Time), GPS Time, Satellite Time and Local Time.2.2.3 Receivers staffGPS receivers must measure the weak signals from at least 4 GPS satellites which in order to ensure can determine and picture the position and time correctly in 3D (three dimension) position. Time signal was often emitted with latitude, longitude, height and synchronized with UTC. When determine and calculate the time and position, other variables like revive and acceleration also calculated at the same time. The signal reliable from satellites are about 1575.42 MHz, the signal are pre-amplified and transform to a low intermediate frequency. After that, the low intermediate frequency signal will be converting into digital signal (2 bits). By converting the signal to 2 bits digital signal, receivers can understand the data send by GPS satellites and able to calculate the require variables and uncover the final output for the users.2.3 GPS Devic esA GPS device was a device that receive GPS signal to determine the location or position on the earth. Nowadays, a lot of different type GPS devices are available in the market like GPS navigator and etc. In this section, I am going to discuss the consumer products in our market.2.3.1 GPS NavigatorGPS navigators are in particular designed for position track and they are portable. GPS navigators have a flat screen and provide touch screen feature, the screen normally are 3.0 inch to 6.0 inch. In order to let consumers has an up-to-date map image, manufacturers are using image file to represent the map. It had a graphical map to provide a good user interface to ease to use to the users. When the consumers request to update their map image, reseller or retailer just re-create the latest image file to the GPS navigator and replace the old map image file.2.3.2 Pocket PCPocket PC as known as unstable, PDA or smart phone. It is not specially designed for trailing the position. Becau se of the competition on the market, smooth manufacturers add on a lot of features into their products in order to attract more consumers and increase the sales. GPS function is one of the add on feature. Nowadays, GPS manufacturers have provide different syllabus GPS software to meet the market requirement. For mobile, platform can be divided by 3 major platforms which are Windows, Android, Symbian and iOS. Same as GPS navigator, mobile GPS has a graphical map and also structured by image file. It provide ease to maintain and easy to install by mobile resellers and retailers.2.3.3 ForerunnerThe GPS Forerunner was a sport watch and made GPS navigator manufacturers such as Garmin and Tom Tom. The purpose of the production of the forerunner is targeted to triathletes and road runners. The forerunners are designed as a device that can straight to measuring the speed, altitude, distance, pace and time, all of these are important to an athlete in formulation for races. By using forer unner, athletes can know their running speed, distance between starting point and end point, time to complete the training and so on. It can help them to improve their running speed by seeing physical result and using forerunner.CHAPTER 3 THE USE OF GPS TECHNOLOGY3.1 GPS ApplicationsSince the GPS technology became more and more advanced and ideal, GPS has been used in transition of the applications for accredited time in-fomite tracking. These are included probe fomite surveillance, over-crowding focussing, croak management, travel diary surveys and GPS and map matching.3.1.1 GPS Applications in Probe Vehicle oversightTransportation experts have been explore use of the floating car proficiency to obtain cars travel time information since 1920s but it is do by manually by human beingnesss which is driver record all the require information themselves. Human errors are ever so became the major problem for data incorrect issues. As computer technology improved, this manual metho d has replaced by DMI (Distance Measuring Instrument) which determine the distance and speed by pulses from a sensor to fomites. It also generated a problem which overwhelming data file sent by sensor caused the computers storage problem.GPS technology has overcome the platter storage and data error problems since GPS able to work with GIS (Geographical data Systems), it provide railcarmatic geo-coding of positioning and speed data. This feature can let the conveyance experts see the vehicle travel information on the spot from GIS. Data require can be analyse by GIS sent by GPS which GPS become a front end which perform sending data to back end which GIS. Analyzed data will salt away in to a database and generated as a report, it could be astronomically reduce the human input error and overcome overwhelming file causing the track record storage problem.3.1.2 GPS Applications in Congestion ManagementThe traffic congestion will beyond the personal inconveniences felt by indiv idual travelers. Roadway safety and environment quality are factors arise the congestion. A CMS (Congestion Management System) is a decision support system using for choosing strategies and utility(a)s to have a reform relieve traffic congestion. CMS using GPS-GIS approach for hoard require congestion data. GPS used for collecting data and GIS used for display information like traffic corridor. The analyzed data can used by congestion management in order to calculate and determine traveler delay, vehicle emissions, idling time and wasted fuel.3.1.3 GPS Applications in Fleet ManagementGPS technology can used for translate fleet location data into real-time reporting. When combined all the technologies used by management, it can help to provide a serve solution for all sizes of fleets like fleet concern and cost-effective tracking. GPS can help fleet management to improve competency by real time vehicle status and location reports or routes and campaign history collection. Thi s information can help trucking organizations rate delivery performance to improve the route plan, fleets scheduling and dispatching capabilities. Government services fleets such as fire trucks, ambulances and police cars also using GPS for route guidance of the nearest vehicle that has face the incident.3.1.4 GPS Applications in proceed SurveysTravel survey basically done by government objective of the travel survey was they need to understand populations travel doings in order to more easy to maintain traffic order and national road construction. The purpose of using GPS technology in travel surveys is to supplement or replace form of travel survey collection by call into question and forms filled by interviewees. GPS was advantageous in reducing respondents burden, improving data quality, collecting additional information and the survey period can be extended to everyday. Traditional way to implement survey is conducted using typography and pencil interview, sometime it can be increase respondents burden and information given are not correct. GPS can provide detailed and analyzed information about trip and travel behavior. By accessing GPS satellites, government can retrieve the information comfortably it can help them more easily to achieve their targets.3.1.5 GPS Applications and Map MatchingMap matching is more counsel on algorithm and alternative to using point-to-point distance estimation. Because of different tracking system developers has develop different types of tracking systems, the algorithm used and alternative to estimate the distance are different such as fathom based tracking system does not consist graphical interface, whitethorn using voice and sound to tracking the route or vehicle from back end station. GPS applications used in map matching was using different algorithm it has graphical interface and back end station able to track the vehicle on the spot. The algorithm of GPS applications to matching map has 3 major steps which are smoothing procedure by removing anomalies from the barren GPS data, identified the vehicle taken en-route and the actual matching of point to the GPS network. algorithm was standardized, it help the developers more easy to implement a tracking system with better performance and trusted or reliable.3.2 Reasons to Consider GPS in disdain Applications3.2.1 Automation of Many Record Keeping FunctionsBy using GPS, information related with track or vehicle can automate instrument to store and retrieve without human interaction. Vehicle can be auto tracking by GPS system such as track the services location, routes used and equipment drop off points. And then, it is also able to recording prevail over employees (delivery person, driver and etc.) hours of work and vehicle automatically.3.2.2 Improved OperationsGPS providing real time tracking on vehicle if any incidents happening on vehicle drivers, managers can understand the vehicle status or location in order to enlighten decisi on to solve the incidents immediately. Therefore, GPS enable real time decision making for the organizations which are using GPS systems.3.2.3 Decreased Wear and lodgeMeans controlling the speed of the vehicle can prevent unjustified of tires and engine wear because of vehicle are tracking by back end station to eliminate the drivers furious driving. By tracking vehicles, it can also help an organization to eliminate of unauthorized use of guild vehicle in order to reduce overall vehicle mileage.3.2.4 amend Use of Company ResourcesBy using GPS system to tracking vehicles, it can help an organization to identify and eliminate of unauthorized use of company vehicle in order to reduce fuel wasted. Active management of vehicles enables fact based decisions to save the time and human power to analyzing the practical(prenominal) information to making a decision.3.2.5 Efficient Route Management and Dispatching choke offGPS systems able to find a shortest route to reduce the delivery time, calculate the time arriving in the locations based on the distance and speed driving in order to let the drivers know when he will fix and how long the distance he should travel. Management also able be aware of the driving direction by tracking the vehicles in order to prevent service delay.3.2.6 Faster Response TimeGPS provide mechanization of keeping record of vehicle status, driver travel behavior in order to improve driver capability. GPs also can guide the drivers to go to their services by using GPS navigator which help them to prevent lost on road.3.2.7 Reduced Liability and Insurance CostsBy using advanced GPS system, the chances for the accidents also can be reduced because drivers driving speed was tracking by GIS which is used in back end. Therefore, most of the redress companies are more likely giving discount for those who using the GPS systems and ensure paying also can be reduced. Tracking system always keeping record automated, it can help company to avo id the saturnine claims by drivers with tracking data in the database.3.2.8 Employee SafetyDrivers travel behavior was tracking by GPS system and it store into database as information. By tracking, it can help keep drivers to maintain rise up situated speed and focused on safe driving. Company also can be avenge for those safe drivers based on the information tracked to improve their credit on safe driving.CHAPTER 4 INTEGRATION OF GPS WITH BUSINESS APPLICATIONS4.1 GPS Comparative Systems in BusinessNowadays, GPS has integrated with business applications and it has different types of systems. A differentiation between those systems on the market are how they communicate with the office, where the information should stored for analyzing process and how they cross driving history or vehicles information. disparate type of the systems has different type information handling process. Today, comparative systems have divided by 3 types they are motionless (stored data) system, exp editious (real-time) system and hybrid (combined) system.4.1.1 Passive (Stored Data) SystemBy using passive system, it requires an onboard recording device to store GPS signal data during vehicles travel time. Information stored on the onboard device is used for upload and retrieval to the office computers after vehicles indemnity back to the home base. Alternatively, data stored on the onboard device also can be transfer to duplicatectible storage modules. It can send to the office computers by email when the people are away from the office.StrengthsProvide solution for those vehicles that do not return to the home base every day.Saving costs for communication between companies computers and vehicles.Saving computers storage while office staff can select the information which files they want to retrieve and store in the computers.Limitationswhitethorn require additional removable data storage module to retrieval the vehicles information.not provide real time tracking process, in formation may not up-to-date and obsolete.Status of on travel vehicles are not well known immediately, slower response time when facing incident.4.1.2 Active (Real-Time) SystemActive system relying on GPS receiver mounted on the companies vehicles. And, it also requires a wireless data communication conduit like cellular data line built into a device. Real time of GPS signal data such as speed driving, longitude, latitude and driving direction will be transmitted over the wireless cellular data line to data collection point in a set of interval. Data collection can point be companies office or GPS tracking system service providers website. These information can be transmit as directly to the vehicles home base or Internet site which GPS tracking system service providers, the subscribing companies can view its vehicles activity on the webpage.Strengths offer office staff to keep track of vehicle activity real time without contact with the drivers.Facilitates to make emergent adjustme nts for special situations like vehicles damaged in accidents, management can assign another vehicles to complete the tasks.LimitationsMay require manpower to observe the vehicles activity updates throughout the whole working day.Cost of the data transmit could be very high collect to the cellular data line.Information stored on the service providers only available for a shorten time, causing difficult for long term analyzing.4.1.3 Hybird (Combined) SystemCombination of passive system and active system, it providing real time vehicles tracking feature and the information tracked can stored in the computers for long term analyzing or permanently. Hybird system required all the components, devices and equipments used in passive system and active system. Real time data will be transmitted to the data storage over the network immediately, information in computers database are synchronized with real time GPS data. It is not required user interaction during information retrieve and stor e progress.StrengthsInformation stored are unblemished and updated, companies management ease to access the fresh data anytime.Interruption of the communication would not affect the information lost since onboard device also perform jobs to store the vehicles travel information.No user interaction required, save the drudge cost to observe the vehicles activity updates throughout the whole working day.Limitations more expensive compared others system which required all the components from passive system and active system.Computers storage unit easily full and wasting the storage due with the real time store procedures and save as permanently.4.2 GPS Business Information System ComponentsMost of the GPS Business Information Systems are combined from different sub-system or components. Generally, these components are perform different tasks in order to let whole the system became more perfection. These components working in different areas like back end, front end and etc.4.2.1 GPS Units / AVL (Automated Vehicle Location)GPS units were onboard vehicle devices and it using AVL technology in GPS business information systems. AVL was a vehicle tracking system. For vehicles, real-time positioning for each vehicle was tracked and measured by AVL. Basically, vehicles travel history and activity information is temporary stored in vehicles for a short time, which means time for information stored in the vehicles can be as short as a few seconds or as long as several minutes. This information will transform into a raw form or processed on-board in vehicles before its transmission system to the control center usually called back end. AVL used in onboard vehicles which included GPS units such as GPS navigator, removable storage module and satellites signal receiver module. AVL can trace the vehicles location and position over the signal receiver module. Then, manipulate the data into a raw form either store in removable storage module or control center.4.2.2 Data Proces sing and Server / GIS (Geographical Information Systems)GPS system using GIS engine in server to manipulate the information collected from AVL. GIS can be display the information in graphical form in order to let the user interface became more interested and easy to understand by end users. Information collected from AVL usually stored in the server, server can stored more information and more powerful to perform the heavy tasks like DBMS (Database Management System) processing. In server, GIS are performing historical data generation which is related with standard RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) like using illusionist or SQL and also crystal reporting. The major to using GIS engine was end user usually require a graphical map in order to let them know the activity of the vehicles on road more clearly, provide user friendly to the end users and information analyzed are accurate. Data processing and server usually happening in control center or back end office speciali zed for management.4.2.3 communication theory / NetworkCommunications are a middleman between GPS units and data processing and server. Communications can have many types such as GSMSMS, GSMGPRS, iDEN, TETRA, Satellites, and Wireless download. The purpose for using communications is transfer the information from GPS units to server. Different data processing and server system architecture require different kinds of network. Different communication protocols and network also can be used simultaneously, it depend on budget of the companies and see either how the developers going to design for the system. Communication usually needs to subscribe from third parties communication companies like in Malaysia have TM, the monthly services fee should be paid by the organization and the amount can be large depending on the system modules or its infrastructure. Therefore, communication fees became routine payment after growth system.4.3 Types of Business Industry Using GPS TechnologyNowadays , GPS technology became more and more popular in business usages. It integrated with others system in order to improve business process, increase business productivity and etc. Different business industry using different GPS technology, gather from using GPS also will be different. In this section, I am going to discuss GPS technology used by different business industry they are agriculture, woodwind instrumentry and tourism.4.3.1 AgricultureIn agriculture industry, they are used GPS in site-specific realm or precision agriculture and it is combining GPS and GIS technology. The technologies used can help farmers to enabling coupling of real time data capturing with analyze of large amounts of geography information, accuracy of positioning data capture and leading to the efficiency manipulation. The GPS applications in precision farming are farm planning, tractor guidance, filed mapping, crop scouting, ground sampling and yield mapping. The major reason for precision farming was collecting timely geography data on prescribes or requirements of plants, res publica and animals to increase their production in farming and protect their environment. The approaches stated above are relying in integration of computer based system, GPS positioning and time and data collection sensor.Through using GPS in farming, information for improve the soil and water can be improved for plants growth. Farmers can obtain extra benefits from soil amendments and fertilizers such as quality and quantity increased for the harvest by soil improvement. Moreover, crop advisors also used GPS with rugged data collection tools for accurate position to insect, pest and weed injury in the farming field. The areas which affected by pest will mapped and pinpointed for future decisions make by management. It used to solve the pest problems by using borderline chemicals to protect the crops and land soil. Minimal chemicals used not only helping them to protect their crops and land soil, it is also helping them to saving the cost used to purchase chemicals, reduce environmental pollution and public nuisances.4.3.2 ForestryGPS technology used in timberry industry area was called as precision forestry. The GPS forestry system was aimed to the accuracy of GPS data collected from forest vehicles implement like forest trucks in different level of forest to increase the organizations forest vehicle apparatus performance and reduce to costs wasted in vehicle machines. GPS is being used for managing forest and timberland resources. If using a mobile forest harvesting machine, data collected from GPS able to improve design of the forest engineering and decisions of the management based on forest vehicle machine performance information as function of timber stand and terrain variables. The technologies are combining GPS and GIS to ensure the data collected can be more efficiency for organization operations use.The GPS applications in forestry industry are locate of sample plot s in forest stands, navigating for aerial surveys and updating forest maps. To berth of sample plots in forest, GPS receiver is using fo