Expansion strategy of Starbucks

Expansion dodge of StarbucksIntroduction Starbucks as a stool started its note from the course of study 1971 in the city of Seattle in Washington. In its proterozoic stages Starbucks loose four blood lines in the city and the assembly line was looking good. (Starbucks Corporation, 1997). aft(prenominal) some major changes and alterations the fateicipation opened slightly fifty come forthlets by 1989. The focus of the corporation was not only expanding the progeny of stores still similarly at the same snip educate the consumers .(Starbucks Corporation, 1997). But at that nonplusing the owners were reluctant of entering into the main persistence. But in the year 1984, the union precaution acquired anformer(a) umber seller called the Peets cocoa and Tea. (Starbucks Corporation, 1997). Since then the come with adapted galore(postnominal) significant changes in order to establish its dishonor in the international commercialise place.Supply Chain and Expansion Strategy With heterogeneous competitors the persistence is a monopolistic in nature. For that grounds a heavy player like Starbucks is has to depend on the product mix and strategical locations as the main differentiating factor in order to influence impelling consumers affect for their products. For that terra pisseda the marketing strategy that Starbucks adapts suckers only iodin fact segment of customers. This marketing strategy for years has yielded great results for the comp whatever. Starbucks can be considered as the market leader with over $1.3 billion in gross r correctue in the year 1998. delinquent to the complexness of the ne dickensrk it is grave that the management locates the make up centers and allocates the resources accordingly.In order to evaluate the supply concatenation issues it is important to realize the amplification strategy of the firm. The expansion strategy adapted by the firm is primarily increase the market sh atomic number 18 in the sell segment and for that reason t foc enforced on increasing the number of stores.(Berger, Buchman, Chase, Hsu, N.d). It is important to note that Starbucks followed a pattern of store opening strategy in order to form a ne dickensrk. The company adapted a hub and speak model for its regional expansions. Starbucks at the initial stage selected a large city in the region which get out serve the subroutine of a hub and tried to open as many as twenty or more stores in the hub city itself in the first two years. (Starbucks Corporation, 1997). After opening the targeted stores in the hub city the early(a) stores atomic number 18 as well organism opened in the surrounding beas which are considered as the spoke stores. In the year 1995 alone, new stores opened generated average revenue enhancement of US$700,000 in their first year, which is far more than the average revenue anatomy of US$427,000 in 1990. (Starbucks Corporation, 1997). The growth in the gross revenue was mainly ascribable to the growing brand image of the firm. With the increase in the number of stores the complexity of the supply chain increased and this lead to the variant security issues for the firm. For that reason a security team is being introduced in the system which is called the green light Security Platform and it keeps track of the critical facilities , operations at the retail outlets and the besides monitors the activities in the international market. This centrally integrated supply chain model helps the company management to keep track of the proceedings and presage demand so that they can adjust their expansion strategy accordingly. slender Issues and factors affecting import and export The Company faced some obstacles in the farthest two years of operation. The global economic crisis has reduced the liquid income of the mass and for that reason the spending in the industry has reduced. (Starbucks Recent like Store Sales Implication for future growth, 2009). The s tore closing has its other implications. The negative gross gross gross gross revenue figure actually got compounded each draw and quarter and it is mainly contributed by the sudden decrease in demand and the increasing cost component as the company focused on sustaining the expansion strategy. (Starbucks Recent Same Store Sales Implication for future growth, 2009).It has to be noted that about Eighty four percent of the revenue for the company was realized from the retail stores and thus the expansion strategy remained as the subject matter business strategy of the firm. (Berger, Buchman, Chase, Hsu, N.d). Before this drop of the net revenues the company was experiencing a steady increase of 27% per year. In the years 1998-1999 in atomic number 7 America, the company launched about two hundred and ninety three stores was opened and the retail sale nimblely went up by twenty five-spot percent. The other segment of business apart from the retail gross sales to a fault flour ished during that catch. (Starbucks Company 10K, 1998).The major concern for Starbucks is their cost of sales. It has been noted that the cost of sales is as high as 78.8% of the sales revenues and the problem multiplied as the labor cost increased which increased the operating expense of the stores by 37.6%.(Starbucks Company 10K, 1998). In order to handle this situation Starbucks transited its grocery business to kraft which automatically resulted in lower of the operating expenses and as a result there was a net increase in revenues in the persuasiveness sales division by 20%.The main force play of the firm is in the specialty umber market and for that reason it targets a particular segment of the population duration at the same time maintaining its niche. The extensive opining of stores has led to market cannibalization in received regions of the world. The employee training and exploitation program have ensured quality service throughout the globe.There are industry leve l factors that drive the operations of the firm and there is a constant level of risk which affects the business operation of the company.The lack of monomania in the burnt umber supplier segment in Central and southeasterly America is a crucial factor which affects the import of the company. This makes the variable cost to go up and hampers the net profit. Over exporting and concentration of retail outlets at some regions hampers the sales per store figure of the company.The major exporting countries for Starbucks are Canada and countries in Europe, while the importing countries of the company are mainly countries of eastern Africa like Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zambia.Qualitative Techniques The qualitative studies for foretell bequeath use various sources of data and study in order to ascertain the underway position the firm. The two qualitative method used in this excogitate are un meaty market research and the Delphi method.Market Research Coffee a s an industry has now great global level demand and all the coffee bean companies through out the globe provide involution to more than twenty million people. (Coffee in the 21st Century, 2009). It is being sight that coffee as a commodity alone occupies the second position to petroleum in terms of the dollars traded throughout the world. (Coffee in the 21st Century, 2009). A market research results found out that over four hundred billion cups of coffee is being consumed every year. In the country of brazil nut itself over five million people are involved in the industry of cultivating coffee beans. The overall sales premium of specialty coffee in United States of America has now reached a multi-billion dollar level. (Coffee in the 21st Century, 2009).But Starbucks particularly does not operate in coffee industry alone but the industry can be identified as the Specialty Eatery Industry. This industry can be regarded as the part of fare and beverage industry which occupies the l argest segment of disposable income. (Berger, Buchman, Chase, Hsu, N.d). This indicates a Brobdingnagian electromotive force market to capture. The level of competition also increased collectible to the huge scope available after the year 1990. (Berger, Buchman, Chase, Hsu, N.d). The year 1997 recorded an adjudicated ogdoad thousand specialty coffee outlets in the United States. harmonise to the industry analysts the beverage industry at that particular maculation had enough put for about two or three national players, maybe even more. (Starbucks Corporation, 1997). The closest competitor at that time for Starbucks was a Canadian franchisor with many stores in Canada but when compared the coat it was slight than one-third of the total size of Starbucks. (Starbucks Corporation, 1997). The other national level competitor was Gloria Jeans which was also a franchisor of specialty coffees, and its stores are located in most of the malls throughout the United States of America. (Starbucks Corporation, 1997). The other rivals did not have more that two hundred and fifty stores, but there were about twenty small local and regional coffee shop chains that aspired to grow into rivals of Starbucks, most notably New world Coffee, Coffee People, Coffee Station, Java Centrale, and Caribou Coffee. These coffee shops together captured a considerable portion of the market and made the competition tougher. (Berger, Buchman, Chase, Hsu, N.d). The company (Starbucks) also faced huge competition from the nationwide coffee manufacturers like the Kraft General Foods, Procter Gamble and Nestl, the company who were known for distributing the coffees mainly through supermarkets. (Starbucks Corporation, 1997).For that reason the market structure thus can be considered to be a monopolistic one as there are several competitors bring in in the market who are at the same time whirl almost similar kind of products and services. This damps the competitive nature of the market twain domestically and internationally. The competitors used certain parameters to gain the competitive advantages. These parameters are mainly strategic store locations, the product mix and most importantly the store atmosphere. The last parameter actually does influences to a great extent in building loyal customer base.Now there are certain other influences which affect the overall industry. Large coffee producers like draw near and Kraft are constantly being pressed to introduce a voluntary levy on raw coffee beans which is considered as part of a greater bm to promote sustainable development of coffee throughout the globe. The Worldwide Sustainable Coffee Fund headed by the members of the coffee industry has put forward a marriage offer to levy one dollar on every sixty kilograms bag of beans at an international Coffee Organization meeting held in London. (The Future of Coffee industry, 2009). This proposal got informal backing from the seventy per cent of coffee-producing countries all over the world.Delphi system A controlled group of executives were interviewed in order to understand the opinions for them regarding the future purview of the firm. The questionnaire was designed in order to reflect on the opinions of the executives regarding the future and the strategies of the firm. A total of twenty five members were selected for this controlled session.The first statement of the questionnaire stated that the sales revenue of the company will certainly take a unconditional turn. About forty eight percent of the respondents agreed to the statement. The findings also reveal that there are forty four percent of the respondents who are unmindful(predicate) of the future so provided a neutral view. This may be due to the sudden dip in the sales revenue discovered last year, the employees are now not certain of the dramatic comeback.Figure 2 Percentage feedback on question number 1The statement asked about more of a strategic issue for the firm. Th e question asked whether the operating expenses of the firm are hindering the performance or in other delivery controlling the same would improve on the overall turnover.Figure 3 Percentage feedback on question number 2The feedback suggests that the selected executives of the firm do not accept the fact that the operating cost is the main find factor which is hindering the process of growth. They consider that due to the complexity of the business model of the company minor variations are observable in the period of economic downturn otherwise the operating margin is quite upstanding for them.Figure 4 Percentage feedback on question number 3The response to the third statement is a mixed one. The question was regarding the combative store expansion strategy adapted by the company. It is being observed that a major percentage of the employees under the control group are not in favor of the aggressive strategy adapted by the firm.Thus the overall qualitative forecasting using the D elphi method suggests that the closed(a) group considers that the sales figure to go up but does not really support the aggressive expansion strategy adapted by the firm.Reasons for selecting the methods The two qualitative methods used for the purpose of the study are secondary market research and the Delphi methods. The first one is useful for gathering information regarding the industry and the competitor analysis of the company which are essential parameters for find out the future or forecasting the sales. The second one is the Delphi method where the responses are summarized in order to understand the view of the employees regarding the future. The point of view of the employees is essential as they reflect on the actual picture of the firm. While the market research surveyed the external environment the Delphi analysis helped in realizing the internal point of view of the employees.Time Series Analysis Apart from the qualitative methods of forecasting quantitative analysis are also required in to estimate and forecast the exact figure of sales that can be estimated. cardinal time series analysis methods are applied in this suit in order to predict the sales figures and also the relationship among the various parameters.Moving Average Method This method simply takes the average of the front figures and forecast the next figures.Figure 5 Sales Forecast for the year 2010 and 2011In this case a span of six years has been interpreted in order to forecast the sales figure. The forecasted figures for the year 2010 and 2011 come to be 8.2 billion and 8.7 billion dollar respectively. It should be noted that these figures is much less compared to the peak sales figure of 10.4 billion dollar that the company gaind in the year 2008. But due to the certain dip in the market conditions and United States economy the net revenue of the year 2009 also dropped. Due to the late drop in the sales figure the forecasted figures of the year 2010 and 2011 are low and it will take certain time for the firm to achieve the previous level. though the last trend is increasing as the forecasted revenue for 2011 is higher that of 201Linear retrogression This method of forecasting is used for determine the causal relationship between predicting parameters and the variable which is depending on the others.Regression Statistics octuple R0.9952172R Square0.9904572Adjusted R Square0.9840953 normal Error256.28309Observations6ANOVAdfSSMSFSignificance FRegression22045129010225645155.68650.000932Residual3197043.165681.02Total520648333Coefficientsmeasure Errort StatP-value deject 95%Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%Intercept-58.491328663.0271-0.088220.935262-2168.542051.557-2168.542051.557Operating Income0.85365551.1041880.7731070.495786-2.660364.367675-2.660364.367675No of Stores0.56702030.04804511.801970.0013080.4141210.719920.4141210.71992Figure 6 Linear Regression analysis using figures from the year 2004 to 2009In this particular case the sales revenue is the de pendent variable, or the variable which will be forecasted, while the operating income and the number of stores are the predicting variables.The results show that the value of the adjusted R-square is 0.9840953 which gist that 98% of the variation of these two parameters explains the variation in the sales revenue. This reflects on the high predictability rate of these two parameters. Now the forecasting equation that is being derived from this analysis is abandoned byY= -58.5+ 0.85 OI + 0.57 NWhere Y is the sales revenue, OI is the operating income of the firm and N is the number of stores. This provides the model with which the future sales figures can be forecasted. This model provides the causal relationship among the parameters.Recommendation According to the industry analysts Starbucks was a company which can replicate the giants like Nike or Coca-Cola in its own industry segment. In the period 1998 StarBucks was the only company with almost national market coverage in the U nited States of America. The immediate objective at that time for the firm was to have about two thousand stores in operation by the year 2000 and this target was carry through in time. The long term objective was to become the most recognized and respected brand in the world. This goes well with the actual value proposition of the company. The companys efforts to greatly increase its domain were stimulated by the joint ventures with Pepsi and Dreyers and its move to sell coffee in supermarkets. (Starbucks Corporation, 1997). The company was also thinking of a possibility of marketing fruit-juice drinks and candy under the Starbucks label. But prior to any expansion that the firm must adapt, it should consider two crucial aspects. first of all the cost component being so high the company cannot spend radical product line of store expansion in the given situation. Secondly if the company tries to expand its target customer base, it may trend it overall brand and the customers as well as the employees (who have been a major asset for the company) may see this as a reel from the overall value proposition of the firm. This is bound to affect in a negative way. For that reason whichever among the two possible options that the company chooses to increase its sales revenue, it must analyze the long term growth and prosperity of the company. closing curtain The Company must continue on its expansion strategy as it is only way they can increase the sales revenue. Shifting the target base or shrinking the entanglement will cause mate harm for their brand which will again hamper the future sales. Though the threat of competition is huge, still every time the company came out with successful marketing strategy to overcome the situation and it continues with its aim of invariable expansion plans. Quality product delivery along with increasing the network is what the company mainly works on, and for that reason it is expected the company will certainly overcome the current situation and its stock market figures will show positive trend again in the future.

Discuss Controversial Figure Thomas Cromwell History Essay

Discuss Controersial persona doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas Cromwell History EssayIn this paper I would uniform to discuss Thomas Cromwell which was a controversial figure. Some people called him the rarefied statesman of Tudor England, the other people called him near corrupt Chancellor. Cromwell was champion of the most outstanding personalities of the slope Renaissance era, which had a intellect his time.Lets start from the liveliness of Thomas Cromwell. He was an important political personality in chivalrous England, he was the front counselor of poove total heat VIII in 1532-1540., He was the chief ideologist of the English Reformation, one of the Anglicanism fo belows.He was born(p) in 1485 in the family of tavern and brewery owner Walter Cromwell. His grandfather was a blacksmith. In addition, the father of Thomas Cromwell hadnt sober and honest behavior. There is evidence that he non only had a violent temper, but was accused of fraud. unles s Thomas and his older sister, Katherine were quite different people.As a teenager, by and bywards a conflict with his father, he left not only his substructure in the village of Putney (now part of London), but also the country. The thirst for gage and a desire to see the world made him a cut mercenaries in the Italian army from which he short deserted, leaving the battlefield. later on the army he went to live in Florence and employed to work at the banker whose name was Friskabaldi. Such start of young life made him achievable to get on his feet quickly and travel to Rome. However, inquisitive Cromwell interested not only in finances. He enthusiastically watched the political life in Florence, where he met with the writings of Machiavelli. Later, he often followed the recommendations of the Emperor author.A fewer course of instructions later he moved to Holland, where he worked as a sales agent of English merchants in Antwerp. Approximately in 1513 Thomas Cromwell re moody to England with a sufficient amount of money and began to live in London, at first he traded fabrics and wool, and then became one of the most famous lawyer in England. Such situation gave him the opportunity to meet with Cardinal Thomas Wolsey Lord Chancellor of queen mole rat total heat VIII, so that he became his secretaire and manager of pontifical estates. The most famous act in that talent was the abolition of the menial monasteries.In 1529 he became a member of fan tan, and subsequently the fall of Wolsey succeeded his officials under the faggots court. Cromwells career abruptly went up in 1533 when he became Chancellor of the Exchequer, and then in the 1536 he became Lord Privy Seal. However, the genuine power of Cromwell was given him by the exponents friendship and confidence. Cromwell had undoubted talent for management, some historians regarded him as the founder of the revolution in the governments control scheme. If earlier decisions were made in acco rdance with the wishes of the King (sometimes ill-advised and inconsistent), then Cromwell had developed a musical arrangement of departments with used control techniques. Not all researchers agree with this statement, but, no doubt, Thomas Cromwell compete a leading role in monasteries destruction.Harshness with which Cromwell oblige the secularization of church property, gave him the nickname the hammer of monks. Widespread closures of monasteries almost be Thomas Cromwells career. In 1537 in the uniting of England, began the rebellion of Catholics, called the Pilgrimage of Mercy. The primary(prenominal) demand of the rebels was the execution of Cromwell. However, the rebellion was suppressed. All segments of society hated him, they often guided by a completely opposite intentions, on that point wasnt such(prenominal) segment of society, which support or sympathy he could count on. For banausic people, he was the organizer of the bloody persecution suppressor action again st the new levies, the hardships that had befallen peasants after the closure of the monasteries. For the nobility, he was an upstart a commoner, which did not take just place at court. Catholics (especially the clergy) didnt forgiven him the break with Rome and the subordination of church to the king, ransacked of church lands and wealth, Lutherans patronage . And those, in turn, accused the diplomatic minister in the prosecution of new, true faith, and in condescending attitude towards Catholics. The Scots, Irish, inhabitants of Wales had a lot of claims to Cromwell.Cromwell played a leading role in establishing the rule of a monarch butterfly over the church, in the empowerment of the royal Privy Council, whose rights were extended to the north of England, Wales and Ireland. Cromwell filled the lower house of parliament by creatures of the yard and turned it into an instrument of the Crown. He was able to dramatically increase revenue of coffers at the expense of confiscati on of monastic lands, and taxation of trade, development of which he encourage by skilled protectionist policies, Thomas Cromwell managed to increase British influence in Scotland, a significant expansion of the British crown estates in Ireland, the final examination incorporation of Wales.Analyzing the literature I can say that Tomas Cromwell greatly influenced King. What else could King claim from the Minister, which not only handles all the orders of the king, but attempt to pellet his desires and anticipate the plans to which he had not yet figured out? However, the achiever of Cromwell jaundiced narcissistic Henry, he got into a huff by his minister intellectual superiority. The influence of Cromwell testified Henrys inability to get out of a dreadful divorce case, to reorganize the state and church affairs in the nature of royal absolutism. The minister was a living reminder about the turn marriage of King, the infamous process and the execution of Anne Boleyn, which h e needed to capture to eternal oblivion. More than once it seemed to Henry that Cromwell prevented him from appling his public capacity, prevented him to be among the major(ip) politicsof his era Charles V and Francis I.Thomas Cromwell made a great constituent to a difficult divorce of Henry VIII. The first wife of Henry VIII was Catherine of Aragon. Henry was still young when he get hitched with her, she was a widow of his brother Arthur. Katerina was a Spaniard, she was strict in piety and morals, with cool nature, which didnt correspond to rapid temper of the king. The only thing that spoke in favor of Henry it was his beauty, mind, love to science, amorous, but none of these qualities she did not appreciate. She married him because the marriage was approved by the pope. But the blessing of the pope did not save her from unhappiness. Henry could not long remain faithful to his wife. A great admirer of the female, he was constantly moved from one field of honor of passion to another, until finally he stopped on the court lady, Anne Boleyn, who didnt want to live together without marriage, and demanded the marriage and Henry chose the divorce with Catherine.However, the king met with shield Everybody were against divorce the Father, and Catherine, and trusted people of the King. But Henry has already managed to adopt all the charm of tyranny and said he would not put out from his decision. Divorce in medieval dynastic tradition was a quite common phenomenon, so Henry was not particularly doubt in his success, but the question of Henrys divorce had been delaying for six years. King has repeatedly tried to grant Ekaterina to divorce with him, or retired to a monastery, but she skillfully and firm reflected his attack. Henry was hoping for the popes order of invalidity of marriage on the grounds that the King married his brothers wife.Thomas Cromwell proposed Henry divorced Catherine without the Pope permission. Why, he said, the king did not want to follow the example of German princes and with the assistance of Parliament declare himself the head of the national church? This idea seemed very attractive, and soon he returned to persuade himself.Henry, following the advice of Thomas Cromwell, resolved to break with the Pope and declared himself as a head of the English Church, asked to help the municipal court. To give the case a legal nature, the council was convened, chaired by Archbishop of Canterbury. Cathedral decided or rather, Henry decided, by means of Archbishop, who blindly did his will that the head of the English Church, will be king.Often, but erroneously stated that Cromwell treasured to make Henry the absolute monarch. Cromwell acted through the House of green, that is why the decisive factor was the adoption of the Parliament reform (1529-1536). Thomas Cranmer rightly wrote in 1537 to Strasbourg reformer Wolfgang Kapiton In all that has hitherto been achieved in the reformation of religion and the clerg y, only Cromwell did more than all the others together. Five-year legal reform led the ascendance of the Pope in England replaced by supremacy of the king over the English church.Cromwells efforts to abolish the legal independence of the church began with the adoption of the Supplication of the Commons Against the Ordinaries, which said about restricting the right of clergy to assert ecclesiastical laws without the admit of the House of Commons, and the arbitrary and abusive acts of ecclesiastical courts were criticized, which were often unfair to the laity. The King complained the Speaker of the House that the prelates during his ordination sweared allegiance to the Pope. On May 15, 1532 council adopt an appeal of the clergy, asking the king the protection from the House of Commons and heavy(p) the council control of his legislative activities in return for his patronage of the ecclesiastical courts. The coterminous day, Thomas More resigned from his post as chancellor. By the end of the year the stopping payment of annatto act to Rome was approved , and the Pope, because of the threat, made Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury,.In March 1533 Cromwell prepared statement of overriding playact to limit appeals. The famous preamble to the Act reads The Kingdom of England is the Empire under the sole rule of the Supreme Head and King, who has the over-embellished dignity and the imperial throne, and whom society consisting of people of different manikines and conditions of various titles and the foundations of spiritual and secular, after idol is obliged by natural and humble obedience. Act held that issues relating to the activities of the king, sent for considerateness to the Supreme Church Council, the highest legal ascendance, and no further appeal beyond the Kingdom, for example in Rome were im manageable.Resistance to the Henry church unrest was surprisingly weak, but on the altar of change were two victims Bishop behind Fisher and the layman Sir Thomas More. Fisher and More could not make a compromise with their conscience and to sign the Act of the rule, because it rejected the authority of the Pope.In February 1536 the reformist parliament received from Cromwell inspectors reports about monasteries and approved the first act of elimination. Henry was forced to limit the number of monasteries, due to stinting reasons, as well as for religious reasons and because of the anticlerical the House of Commons mood. In adopting the act in 1536, Parliament abolished the small communities with an annual income of less than cc pounds. Most of the larger monasteries were forced to obey the King.Monastic lands transition to the hand of the nobility contributed to further strengthening of this class and his participation in the governance of the country, while at the level of local governance became dominate the bounteous esquires. Profits from the land sale and other property were used for the pensions of original former monks and nuns for the content of the new diocese, new schools and colleges as well as to enrich the royal purse.In 1539, to strike up recountings with German Protestants, Cromwell persuaded the king to marry Anne of Cleves the sister of a German duke. Alas, the bride did not alike(p) Henry. Circumstances allowed the leaders of the Catholic party at the yard Thomas Duke of Norfolk and Bishop Stephen Gardiner to convince a suspicious king in the unreliability of his most loyal ministers. He was arrested and executed in confidence in the predominate of London in 1540. After that, his head was welded and installed on a put on the line on London Bridge.Reformer Tomas Cromwell made a great piece to the formation of the Anglican Church. Renowned British historian Thomas Babington Macaulay called the Anglican Church fruit of unity of government and Protestants, i.e., the result of the consent of twain parties in the views of the church. Alliance in the midst of the Crown and Prot estantism was not easy and was characterized by periods of tension and regression. Obviously, Henry VIII believed in the possibility of destruction the relation with Rome without any changes in church teaching and worship. The king keep a conservative theology, and in the period from 1532 to 1540 was forced to choose between the radicals, led by Cromwell and the Conservatives, led by the Duke of Norfolk and the Bishop of Winchester by Stephen Gardiner. At first, followed by a period of elevation of radicals, and after the fall of Cromwell in 1540 the Conservatives. Henry tried to act as judge in the competition of the parties, as later in the same century, his daughter Elizabeth maintained her position over the Anglican and Puritan parties. As a consequence, the Reformation in England developed by universal course via media, as nowhere else on the continent, with the possible exception of Sweden.Summing it up I would like to stress that a small portion of society has learned for h imself the benefit of the Reformation. These were the new people, the emerging class of capitalists and bureaucrats who have acquired property, without noble birth. As a result of the Reformation there were such large changes in class composition of society, which it hasnt known passim their history.

No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream Analysis

No, Robots Arent Killing the American conceive of AnalysisShivam GuptaNo, Robots Arent Killing the American DreamEverybody has problems, be it in their personal, social, or professional keep. Some problems, however, involve all aspects of life and we ar asked to opt a side. So is the issue with our fellow Americans who are facing difficulties in finding jobs. Some blame the economy and immigration while others gestate that it is because of the advancement in engineering. Artificial Intelligence has progenyn control all oer the entire world and has turned quite a littles attention to the future of their jobs. There are those who fear that robots are going to replace them, but, on the other hand, in that location are those who swear that the advancement of robots is going help them make life easier. However, according to some people, robots are non to be blamed for the contender in the job market. I agree with the New York Times word No, Robots Arent Killing the American D ream, truly issue is not robots nor the advancing technology, rather, the strong problems are the politicians and the policies they sop up implemented.Although people believe that robots are taking over the job market, data shows that it isnt the case. People like Christine Lagarde, former president Barack Obama believe that the robots are the reason behind the frugal pain of globalization and that the economic dislocation would come over from automation (Editorial Board 1). If this was the case, you would see mess in the Capital Investment and Labor productiveness as technology increases productivity and people invest more in technology. Instead, the data from the member shows that after the initial increase in the 1996-2002, both the investment and the productivity have gone down substantially. The Usage of data in the hold shows the actual happenings in the world compared to what people are saying.Automation not only substitutes human labor, former complements the latter. It is the policies that the current government fails to implement and take action which prevents workers to share the earned wealth from technology-led-growth. The case wasnt the same for the twentieth century where repayable to automation in the farms the result was mass migration of Americans from awkward to urban areas in search of jobs and there came the knowledge of development automation in high schools to prepare students for the future. Young people were taught how to use the detach automation. Another example was when the productivity due to automation led to considerable profits in the industries, the democrats at that time made policies which support workers and helped take to task their pay. Ever since the World War II happened the education has taken a drift from the current scenario and the people in power are not doing anything regarding the issue. The result of this situation is that the rich are getting richer and the labor line getting poorer. Politicians s till target the immigrants and robots for the misery that they have brought upon the middle-class families due to their own failures. To disengage the doings, the policies made need to be revived, and new ones enacted.I agree with the New York Times article No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream, real issue is not robots nor the advancing technology, rather, the real problems are the politicians and the policies they have implemented. To step-down the effects of the problem, people need to be educated in using the technology. Even though the robots have taken workers place, the reason behind is the otiose spending that the employers have to do on workers compared to the negligible maintenance they have to spend on machines. You need to understand the real problem here, the people in-charge, and take action towards them in order to not be sidelined by technology.Works CitedNo, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream. The New York Times 20 Feb. 2017. Web. 1 Mar. 2017.

First-principles Calculations of Rare Earth Diffusivities

First-principles Calculations of Rargon domain DiffusivitiesFirst-principles calculations of r be earth (Y, La and Ce) diffusivities in bcc FeABSTRACT The slag diffusivities of r atomic number 18 earth elements, Y, La and Ce, in bcc Fe view as been investigated by the first-principles calculations inwardly nine-frequency voguel and semi-empirical corrections for magnetic induction. The microscopic parameters in the pre-factor and energizing brawniness nourish been enumerated. For the three elements, the solute-va targetcy interactions argon all attractive, and Y and La solute instalments more(prenominal) favorably bond to the nullity. The solute- nullity screen pushing mess be explained in terms of the combination of the distortion medical dressing get-up-and-go and the electronic fecundation free heartiness, and the strain-relief effectuates accounts for larger portion of the binding energy for Y and La than that for Ce. The distribution coefficients for Y an d La are comparable, and predicted to be larger than that for Fe self- scattering. Compared with Y and La, Ce shows large migration energy and jerry-built solute-va tidy sumcy attractive interaction, which accounts for the last diffusivity of this element.Keywords Diffusion Rare earth Bcc Fe First-principles calculations1. IntroductionIn the recent years, the addition of rare earth (RE) elements has been regarded promising in steels 1-3. A serial publication of beneficial research for the development of Rare earth Addition have been focuse on the purification and modification of inclusion, since RE elements are characterized by significant negative free energy changes for compound functionations. RE doping as salutary improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of steels due to the reactive-element effect (REE) 4,5.In addition, the point trans governing bodys, recrystallization behavior, and the eroding resistance of steel can be improved by adding RE 6, 7.Knowledge o f all of these is essential to understand the influence of RE additions on the physical, chemical and various properties of steels. In spite of the progress so utmost in RE application, it is apparent that many questions still remain sooner controversial. Data for the effects of rare earths on the bulge and interfacial properties, surface tension, contact angle, etc., of steels, are unanswered, for the sake of precise solubilities of rare earths in smoothing iron and steels are still not available. Furthermore, accurate thermodynamic data are still unsatisfactory, to accurately predict these characteristics. Kinetic properties, in particular dissemination coefficients for RE, are necessary in understanding the underlying utensil of REs to a higher place effects 8. Therefore, the investigation of the diffusivity for these RE elements is expected to be useful in the context of developing RE steels.Although for dispersion in bcc Fe many data are available, nevertheless there is light experimental or calculate data for RE. For the three commonly used RE elements, Y, La and Ce, only the diffusion coefficient of Y has been report 9.The usage of the present work is to investigate the impurity diffusivities of rare earth elements, Y, La and Ce, in bcc Fe by the first-principles calculations within nine-frequency model and semi-empirical corrections for magnetic induction10,11, calculate the associated solute-vacancy binding energies, migration energies, pre-factors and activation energies for these impurity diffusivities, as well as the self-diffusion coefficient of Fe, hence discuss the related factors of the diffusion coefficients.2. MethodologyThe temperature dependence of diffusion coefficient D is expressed in the Arrhenius form D=D0exp(-Q/kBT). For bcc Fe, the Arrhenius plot of self-diffusion and solute diffusion in iron of the ferromagnetic express deviates downwards from the Arrhenius family extrapolated from the paramagnetic allege 12. This effe ct is attributed to the change of magnetization which affects the diffusion activation energy. The temperature dependent magnetization on the diffusion activation energy is well described by the following form 13QF(T)=QP1+s(T)2 (1)where QF(T) and QP are the activation energies in the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic state, respectively s(T) is the ratio of the magnetization of pure iron at a confoundn temperature T to that at 0K, and has been experimentally metric 14,15 the constant quantifies the effect of the influence of magnetic on activation energy. The measured nourish of for Fe self-diffusion is 0.074, in the graphic symbol of the solute species investigated in this context that have no measured set available, the value can be estimated from a semi-empirical linear relationship with the induced change in local magnetization on Fe atoms in the first and second dwell shells of a solute atom 16. The first-principles calculations give head access to the magnitude of the activation energy in the in full ordered ferromagnetic state (T=0K). Given the values of and s(T), we can encrypt QP through the relation , and QF(T) from Eq. (1).We based the diffusion calculations on the assumption that the mechanism of diffusion is primarily monovacancy mediated. For self-diffusion and solute diffusion on a bcc lattice, the diffusion coefficient can be expressed as following 10,17Dself=a2f0Cvw0 (2)Dsolute=a2f2Cvw2(-Gb/kBT) (3)where a is the bcc lattice constant, f0=0.727 is the self-diffusion coefficient of correlation factor, f2 is the correlation factor for solute diffusion which depends on the relative project rates for a vacancy to unlike sites neighboring the solute atom. Cv denotes the sense of balance vacancy concentration, can be written as Cv=exp(Sf /kB)exp(-Hf /kBT), where Sf and Hf are the vacancy formation enthalpy and entropy, respectively, the harmonic contiguity makes these both become temperature-independent constants. and kB is Boltzman ns constant. w0 and w2 are the vacancy hopping frequencies for Fe and solute atoms to exchange with a nearest-neighbor vacancy, respectively. Based on transition state possible action (TST), the vacancy hopping frequency w is written as , where and are the phonon frequencies in the initial state and transition state, and the product in the denominator ignores the unstable mode Hmig is the migration energy, gives the energy difference for the diffusing atom located at its initial equilibrium lattice position and the saddle-point position. The solute-vacancy binding free energy Gb can be expressed as Gb =HbTSb, where Hb and Sb are the binding enthalpy and entropy, respectively.The correlation factor f2 can be careful using the nine-frequency model developed by Le Claire 11 which involves different jump frequencies of vacancies to their first neighbor position in the presence of the solute atoms, as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this model, the interaction of solute-vacancy is assumed up to second neighbor distance. The nine frequencies shown in Fig. 1 correspond to all of the distinct vacancy jumps, including the host Fe atom jump w0 without impurity. The detailed calculation procedures could be found in Ref. 10.Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the nine-frequency model for the bcc Fe transparent with a solute atom. The arrows indicate the direction of the vacancy jumps. The numbers in the mess represent the neighboring site of the solute atom.For convenience, we can represent the self- and solute diffusion equations (Eqs.(2) and (3)) in Arrhenius form to obtain the pre-factor and activation energy of diffusion. By combining the above Eqs., the diffusion coefficient for Fe self-diffusion and solute diffusion can be expressed as (4)For self-diffusion, the pre-factor is, and the activation energy in the amply ordered ferromagnetic state given as . Also, the solute diffusion coefficient can be expressed in an Arrhenius form with the pre-factor is, and.The first-p rinciples calculations presented here are carried out using the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package(VASP) with the projector augmented wave(PAW) system and the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional(GGA-PBE) 18. The computations performed within a 444 supercell including 128 atoms. The binding, vacancy formation and migration energies were calculated with 300eV plane-wave cutoff and 121212 k-point meshes. All calculations were performed spin polarized, with a ferromagnetic ordering of the Fe moments. The residual atomic forces in the relaxed configurations were freeze off than 0.01eV/. The transition states with the saddle point along the minimum energy diffusion path for vacancy migration were determined using nudged elastic band (NEB) method 19 as implemented in VASP. We adopt the harmonic approximation (HA) to sum up the contribution of normal phonon frequencies to free energy. The normal phonon frequencies were calculated using the direct forc e-constant approach as implemented in the Alloy Theoretic machine-controlled Toolkit (ATAT) 20 package. Similar cutoff energy, k-point mesh size and supercell size used for the come in energies were used for the vibrational calculations.3. Result and discussionTable 1 illustrates our calculated vacancy formation, migration and binding energies, as well as the constant for solute species, the associated activation energies for self- and solute-diffusion in the paramagnetic and fully ordered ferromagnetic state. For pure bcc Fe, the vacancy formation energy and migration energy obtained here are consistent with the inform range of values, Hf=2.16-2.23 eV and Hmig=0.55-0.64 eV 10,21,22. For Y impurity in bcc Fe, the calculated vacancy binding energy and activation energy in full ordered ferromagnetic state as well compare well with the previous first principles work 9,23, in which Hb=-0.73 eV and =2.26 eV. It can be seen that Y and La have smaller activation energy than that for Fe self-diffusion, piece Ce is predicted to have a lager value of activation energy than that for Fe self-diffusion, in both the ordered ferromagnetic and paramagnetic state.Table 1Vacancy formation energy Hf , solute-vacancy binding energy Hb, migration energy Hmig, the ferromagnetic activation energy and the paramagnetic activation energy QP the variable dependence parameter of activation energy on magnetization (the value for Fe is taken from experimental measurements, while the values for Y, La and Ce have been estimated from first-principles calculations).Solute-vacancy binding energy plays a crucial role in understanding solute diffusion kinetics. From Table 1 it can be seen that referring to the nearest-neighbor solute-vacancy pairs, the binding energies are all negative, which implies the solute-vacancy pairs are favorable. Specifically, Y and La impurities are computed to have higher values of solute-vacancy binding energies -0.69 eV and -0.66 eV, respectively, while that for Ce is -0.43 eV. To obtain information on the origin of these attractive behaviors, we decompose the quantity binding energy into the distortion binding energyand the electronic binding energy as 24 . The distortion binding energy is the energy that can be gained by reducing the distortion in the bcc Fe matrix when a solute atom and a vacancy combine to form a solute-vacancy pair, and can be expressed as (5)where and can be calculated as follows after the supercell containing a solute-vacancy pair (or a substitutional atom) has been fully relaxed, the solute-vacancy pair (or the substitutional atom) is removed from the system, then the total energy can be calculated. denotes the total energy of pure bcc Fe supercell, and is the total energy of the supercell containing a vacancy. Then can be calculated from . The calculated energy bunk for solute-vacancy binding is shown in Table 2. The distortion energies (-0.31 to -0.65 eV) for all solute elements(Y, La and Ce) are nega tive, and much bigger than their corresponding electronic binding energies (-0.04 to -0.12 eV). This implies that the distortion energy is the major part of the total binding energy, i.e. the strain relief effect contribute significantly to the interaction between the impurity atom and the vacancy, in particular for the solute Y and La, which accounted for 94.2% and 97.0% of the total binding energy, respectively.Table 2Decomposition of the total solute-vacancy binding energy into distortion binding energy and electronic binding energy.The correlation factor f2 is related to the probability of the reverse jump of a solute atom to its previous position 25. Table 3 lists the calculated values of correlation factors for Y, La and Ce at illustration temperatures of 850, 1000 and 1150K. The correlation factors for Ce is nearly a constant close to 1, while the Y and La diffusion correlation factors decrease with increasing temperature, corresponding to the weak solute-vacancy binding fo r Ce and the strong solute-vacancy binding for Y and La. Therefore, the Ce atom is the most difficult to return back to its original position in the temperature range of our investigation. Including the smallest binding energy, highest migration energy and correlation factor, provides an explanation for the low diffusivity of Ce atom.Table 3Correlation factors (f2) for Y, La and Ce solute-diffusion at representative temperatures of 850, 1000 and 1150K.Table 4 lists the calculated diffusion activation energies and pre-factors for Fe self-diffusion and Y, La and Ce impurity diffusion. For pure bcc Fe, we find our calculated results are in good concord with the published values. For Y impurity in bcc Fe, the calculated activation energy in full ordered ferromagnetic state also compare well with the previous first principles work, while the pre-factor is as much as two orders of magnitude lager than the reported value. The experimental or calculated diffusion coefficients of La and Ce are not available to the best of our knowledge.Fig. 2 presents a direct comparison between the calculated and published temperature dependent diffusion coefficients for Fe self-diffusion and Y solute diffusion. For Fe self-diffusion, the calculated values are in good agreement with Huang et al. 10 and Nitta et al.24, but smaller than the measured data of Seeger 25, this edition may be due to the impurity, defects and grain sizes of the testing materials, and instrumental accuracy. For Y solute diffusion, the diffusion coefficient values are higher by a factor of 4-5 than those due to Murali et al. 9, this discrepancy can be attributed to the harmonic vibration and the influence of the bulk magnetization on the activation energy.The temperature dependence of the solute diffusion coefficients for Y, La and Ce in bcc Fe matrix are plotted in Fig. 3, where the Fe self-diffusion coefficient is also included. It can be clearly seen that the diffusion coefficients for Y and La are higher than the self-diffusion in pure bcc Fe, while the diffusion coefficients for Ce are lower berth than that of Fe self-diffusion, over the entire temperature range below the - phase transition. For the case of Ce solute diffusivity, the lowest value of diffusion coefficient originates from the largest migration energy and the smallest solute-vacancy binding energy. For the two faster diffusers, Y and Ce, which have the comparable diffusion coefficients, we can observe that the diffusion rate of La is higher than that of Y at temperatures below 930 K, but this relation reverses with temperature rising above 930 K. This is attributed to the effects of the diffusion pre-factors of these two elements. Therefore, the investigation for diffusion should also be based on detailed considerations of the diffusion pre-factor, including the contribution of the correlation factor, rather than the vacancy formation energy and migration energy.The diffusion properties of solute elements (Y, La and Ce) in bcc Fe matrix have been studied using DFT calculations in conjunction with the Le Claire nine-frequency model. Of the three impurities that we investigated, the diffusion coefficients for Y and La are comparable, and predicted to be larger than the Fe self-diffusion. In contrast, the calculated results indicate that Ce diffuse slower than Fe self-diffusion. The pokey diffusion rate of Ce originates from that the solute-vacancy binding energy for this element is lower than that of Y and La, and the former has higher migration energy as well. In the case of Y and La, the small direction deviation between the trends of the diffusion coefficients of these two impurities, mainly comes from the contribution of the diffusion correlation factor.The authors are grateful for the fiscal support of the National rude(a) Science Foundation of China (No. 51101083) and the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (No.2013MS0813).References1 M.F. Yan, C.S. Zhang, Z. Sun, Appl. Surf. Sc i. 289 (2014) 370.2 W. Hao, W.T. Geng, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 280 (2012) 22.3 Y.H. Yoo, Y.S. Choi, J.G Kim, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 1123.4 S.K. Samanta, S.K. Mitra, T.K. Pal, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 430 (2006) 242.5 R. Thanneeru,S. Patil,S. Deshpande,S. Seal, Acta Mater. 55 (2007) 3457.6 S.T. Kim, S.H. Jeon, I.S. Lee, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 52(2010) 1897.7 H.Z. Li, H.T. Liu, Z.Y. Liu, G.D.Wang, Mater. Charact. 103 (2015) 101.8 D. Simonovic, M.H.F. Sluiter, Phys. Rev. B 79 (2009) 054304.9 D. Murali, B.K. Panigrahi , M.C. Valsakumar, C.S. Sundar, J. Nucl. Mater. 419 (2011) 208.10 S.Y. Huang, D.L. Worthington, M. Asta, V. Ozolins, G. Ghosh, P. K. Liaw, Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 1982.11 A.D. Le Claire, Philos. Mag. 21 (1970) 819.12 S.Takemoto, H. Nitta, Y. ijima, Y.Yamazaki, Philos. Mag. 87 (2007) 1619.13 L. Ruch, D.R. Sain, H.L. Yeh, L.A. Girifalco, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 37 (1976) 649.14 H.H. Potter, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 146 (1934) 362.15 J. Crangle, G.M. Goodman, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 321 (1971) 477.16 S. Takemoto, H. Nitta, Y. Iijima, Y. Yamazaki, Philos. Mag. 87 (2007) 1619.17 M. Mantina, Y. Wang, R. Arroyave, L.Q. Chen, Z.K. Liu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 215901.18 G. Kresse, J. Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 47 (1993) 558.19 G. Henkelman, H. Jonsson, J.Chem. Phys. 113 (2000)9978.20 A. caravan de Walle,M. Asta,G. Ceder, Calphad 26 (2002) 539.21 C. Zhang, J. Fu, R.H. Li, P.B. Zhang, J.J. Zhao, C. Dong, J. Nucl. Mater. 455 (2014) 354.22 H. Ullmaier, Atomic Defects in Metals, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 1991.23 O.I. Gorbatov, P.A. Korzhavyi, A.V. Ruban, B. Johansson, Yu.N. Gornostyrev, J. Nucl. Mater. 419 (2011) 248.24 X.S. Kong, X.B. Wu, Y.W. You, C.S. Liu, Q.F. Fang, J.L. Chen, G.N. Luo, Z.G. Wang, Acta Mater. 66 (2014) 172.25 M. Mantina, Y. Wang, L.Q. Chen, Z.K. Liu, C. Wolverton, Acta Mater. 57 (2009) 4102.26 H. Nitta, T. Yamamoto, R. Kanno, K. Takasawa, T. Iida, Y. Yamazaki, S. Ogu, Y. Iijima, Acta Mater. 50 (2002) 4117.27 A. Seeger, P hys. place Solidi A 167 (1998) 289.

The Chomsky On Language Acquisitions English Language Essay

The Chomsky On address encyclopedisms English Language actOne of the greatest linguists of all cadences, Noam Chomsky asserts that phrase is innate. He wrote his famous hold up, Language and Mind in 1972, in which he proposed his famous theories on speech communication science. In this book Chomsky wrote, When we say human verbiage, we argon approaching what just approximately might call the human essence, the distinctive qualities of mind that atomic number 18, so farther as we d salutary, fantastic to man. According to Chomsky, lyric poem is one characteristic that is unique to humans among all other bread and merelyter beings. Chomskys theories pitch made it easier to actualize the evolution and development of the phraseologys.Chomskys theories on actors line are based upon the immenseness of linguistics in modern sciences. According to him, to study languages, it is important study human nature that deceptions in human mind.Chomsky on Language AcquisitionN oam Chomsky postulated that the mechanism of the language skill is derived from the innate processes. Innate is something which is already in that respect in mind since birth. The possibility proposed by Chomsky is proved by the s start outrren living in bear upon linguistic community. Moreover, they are not influenced by the impertinent experiences which bring about the comparable grammar. He thus proposed his theory on language acquisition in 1977 as all children share the same internal constraints which characterize narrowly the grammar they are going to construct. He as well proposed that all of us live in a biologic world, and fit in to him, mental world is no exception. He also believes that as in that respect are stages of development for other parts of the body,language development sess also be achieved up to a certain age.Innatism Noam ChomskyThe linguist Noam Chomskys views engage had a tremendous impact on language acquisition theory and research. Chomskys tra nsformation-generative grammar (TG) approach differed substantially from previous views of language learning. For Chomsky, the essential rules of grammar ( boththing we know about our language phonology, syntax, morphology, semantics, etc.) lie hidden in the abstract deep organise of language. Deep structure rules areuniversal. Its not what the purlieu brings to the child but what the child brings to thesurround.Chomsky cl baffleed that children are bio orderedly programmed for language and that language develops in the child in just the same way that other biological functions develop. For example, e rattling child will learn how to walk (if in that respect is nothing victimize with the child). The child doesnt need to be taught. Most children learn to walk at about the same age. For Chomsky, language acquisition is very similar. The environment makes a basic contribution in this case, the avail qualification of people who speak to the child. The childs biological endowment w ill do the rest. This is known as the innatist position. Chomsky proposed his theory in reaction to what he saw as the inadequacy of the behaviorist theory of learning based on imitation and habit formation.Evidence seems very strong that children are by no means systematically reverse or instructed on language. Have you ever tried to correct the grammar of a three-year-old? Notmany parents have been observed correcting their toddlers or pre-schoolers grammatical errors.When parents do correct, research has shown, they tend to focus on meaning and not on language form, oft simply repeating the childs incorrect utterance in a much complete grammatical form. When parents do correct errors, children often ignore the correction, continuing to use their own way of saying things.A amicable Interaction Model of First Language AcquisitionThe macrocosm of all language, according to Vygotsky, is social interaction. Vygotskyoriginated the notion that the near fertile environment for all early learning, including child 4language acquisition, is found in what he termed the Zone of Proximal Development. Therelation between thought and account book is a living person. In the Vygotskian approach, childrenattempt to communicate, and in these attempts they learn language.Social interaction creates many opportunities for children to acquire the necessary socialfeatures of their native language they learn how to use speech in different contexts, and theyacquire the ability to know what to say to whom, when, and where. Consider the acquisition of various forms of requests. The zone of proximal development creates many opportunities forEnglish-speaking children to realize that a request much(prenominal)(prenominal) as gimme- can work with youngerplaymates and some siblings but whitethorn not work successfully with mom and dad. Older children learn to a greater extent complicated variations of requests, such as knowing that Wouldnt you like to.?-is a more polite way of askin g Wanna?-Second Language LearningIt is brighten that a child or adult learning a arcminute language is different than a childacquiring a counterbalance language, both in terms of personal characteristics and conditions for learning.Questions to consider when trying to actualise how guerrilla language learners learn are1. Does the learner already know a language?2. Is the learner cognitively mature? That is, is she or he able to engage in paradox solving,deduction, and daedal memory tasks?3. How well developed is the learners metalinguistic awareness? That is, can the learnertreat language as an object (for example, define a word, say what sounds make up thatword, or state a rule such as -add an -s to form the plural)?4. How prolonged is the learners general experience of the world? This kind of intimacymakes it easier to down the stairsstand language be wee-wee one can sometimes make good feignesabout what the vocaliser is probably saying even when the language carrying the messageis new.5. Is the learner queasy about making mistakes and sounding -silly when speaking thelanguage?6. Does the learning environment allow the learner to be silent in the early stages oflearning, or is he or she expected to speak from the beginning?57. Is on that point enough time available for language learning to take place, and is there bunch ofcontact with proficient speakers of the language?8. Does the learner receive disciplinal feedback when he or she makes errors in grammar orpronunciation, or does the listener overtop these errors and pay attention to themessage?9. Does the learner receive corrective feedback when she or he uses the wrong word, ordoes the listener usually try to guess the intended meaning?10. Is the learner exposed to language which is modified in terms of speed of delivery,complexity of grammatical structure, and vocabulary, so that it matches the learnersability to grind and interact?All plunk for language learners, regardless of age, h ave by definition already acquired atleast one language. This prior knowledge may be an advantage in the sense that the learner has an estimation of how languages work. On the other hand, knowledge of other languages can also tame learners to make incorrect guesses about how the second language works, and this may cause errors which a first language learner would not make.Young language learners begin the task of language learning without the benefit of someof the skills and knowledge which adolescent and adult learners have. The first language learner does not have the same cognitive maturity, metalinguistic awareness, or world knowledge as fourth-year second language learners. Although they are developing cognitive maturity and metalinguistic awareness, they put away have a long way to go in these areas, as well as in the area of world knowledge, before they exit the levels already attained by adults and adolescents.Most child learners do not feel nervous about attempting to use the language, even whentheir proficiency is quite a limited. Adults and adolescents, on the other hand, often find it verystressful when they are unable to express themselves clearly and correctly. Nevertheless, even very young children (pre-school) children differ in their nervousness when faced with speaking a language they do not know well. Some children happily chatter away in their new language others prefer to listen and participate silently in social interaction with their peers. Fortunately for these children, the learning environment rarely puts closet on them to speak when they are not ready.One condition which appears to be common among learners of all ages though perhaps not in equal quantities is access to modified comment signal. This adjusted speech style is sometimes called -foreigner discourse or -teacher talk. Many people who interact regularly with languagelearners, such as experienced teachers, seem to have a sense of what adjustments are needed to he lp their learners understand.TheNativist PositionThe best known and most influential proponent of the innatist position isNoamChomsky.In his famousreview of Skinners bookVerbalBehaviorhe pointed out that imitation and SR-theories of learning snap off to explain how people come to produce sentences which they never heard before. He contends that cognition plays the decisive part in creating the ability to produce an unlimited number of sentences with the knowledge of a limited number of grammatical rules. He calls this abilitylanguage competenceand distinguishes it fromperformance, that is the actual use of language whichunder the heat of communicative exchanges or when people are tiredmay lead to the production of grammatically faulty sentences.Explaining language learning on a cognitive keister raises the question, however, how children come to know the categories and rules of grammar which they need for a creative production of sentences.In that context the logical problem of language acquisition and the poverty of the comment argument prompt researchers like Chomsky,Fodor, andSteven Pinkerto argue that languages are not learned like any other complex faculty (flying airplanes or doing complex mathematical calculations, for instance) but acquired on the basis of an innate knowledge of grammatical principles contained inalanguage acquisition device (LAD).In later versions of Chomskyan theories the LAD is renamedUniversal Grammar.The logical problem of language acquisition, which gave rise to the problematic distinction of language acquisition and learning,is seen to lie in the fact that adult language generally is full of grammatically errors, unfinished sentences and similar handicaps which seem to make it impossible for the human brainiac/mind as a logical machine to extract from that kind of controversial input the right sort of grammatical rules. Observation of children and their parents reveals, too, that adults do not give children explicit instr uction in rules of grammar (which would undo the logical problem of language acquisition).The protagonists of the nativistic position of language acquisition aim to explainfirst language acquisition, notsecond language acquisition. quite an a few researchers in this camp doubt that UG (Universal Grammar) is available for second language acquisition. Some of them argue that UG may be available for second language acquisition up to a critical age supplyd (early puberty) after which the plasticity of the brain would put an end to the beneficial working of UG. We must remember, too, thatsecond language acquisition (SLA)is different fromforeign language learning.SLA takes place in a target language environment and provides the learners with plenty of language input in contextually meaningful situations. In job foreign language learning takes place under extreme time limits in a first language cultural context and provides comparatively poor environmental conditions for language acq uisition.Because of the reasons just mentioned it is problematic to directly consociate nativist theories of language acquisition with new developments in FLT. The truth is, though, that nativist theories have definitely influenced theories on second language acquisition and they have indirectly had an effect on theories and methods in FLT. The perhaps most openhanded example of such indirect influences and subterranean cross currents is the comprehensible input hypothesis developed byStephen Krashen. Histheory of second language acquisition actually consists of five main hypotheses 1. the acquisition-learning hypothesis, 2. the monitor hypothesis, 3. the natural order hypothesis, 4. the input hypothesis, and 5. the affective filter hypothesis. His position shares with nativist theories the learning acquisition dichotomy. The all-important(a) point of his arguments is that grammar acquisition is an unconscious process which cannot really be helped or replaced by the teaching and conscious learning of explicit rules of grammar. What teachers can do to help their learners is make comprehensible the second language input which they provide because learners will find it easier to figure out the rules underlying the production of the input if they understand its meaning.

The History Of Peer Tutoring :: Essays Papers

The History Of helpmate Tutoring From the writer I wrote this study for Bobbi Kirby-Werners Peer Consulting Practicum. The history and psychology of couple tutoring interested me because all the way through the class, I had wondered Where did this method of cultivation/instruction emerge from? The answer was of course, England. I also liked the radical that you didnt generate to be a captain to be a catch consultant that, in fact, the point was that you WERENT a professional, and because of this, it was in some instances practically easier for students to impact to look consultants. Which in turn helped them with writing. From the t apieceer Brendans text set up part of the WRT 331 requirement to prepare a paper as wholesome as a 15-minute presentation about some aspect of his amaze as a peer writing consultant. In his proposal for this project, Brendan note that his location as a peer in many cases enabled him to relate better to his clients and to have more productiv e sessions than he might have otherwise. This experience prompted his investigation of the history of peer consulting. The insights Brendan shared in his paper and presentation were valuable additions to the class. From the editors The author takes you on a historical itinerary trip into the evolution of peer tutoring. What its roots are and how far the peer tutoring system has developed in the past three hundred eld are explained while the writer gives insight into a little cognize facet of the S.U. Writing Program the peer consultants. History The textbook translation of peer tutoring is a system of instruction in which learners help each other and learn (themselves) by teaching, (Goodlad and Hirst 13). Key to this definition is the word peer, importee someone with the same or a nearly equal status as the person being tutored, who, as such, is not a professional instructor. Peer tutoring has played an important part in education and has in all likelihood existed in some incar nation since the beginning of civilization. But the first enter use of an organized, systematic peer tutorial learning project in the Western World didnt come about until the late 1700s. Arising from school budget woes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, peer tutoring became an sound way of giving underprivileged (at this time, sadly, only male) children a reasonable unsettled at an education. The first systematic approach to peer tutoring is credited to Andrew Bell, who was the super of the Military Male Asylum at Egmore, in England (Goodlad et.

Myth of Courage Exposed in The Things They Carried Essay -- The Things

Ah for a young man all looks fine and noble if he goes down in war, hacked to pieces under a slashing bronze web he lies there dead. . .but whatever death lays b are all wounds are marks of nimbus. (Homer 22.83-87) As students we are brainwashed by ancient myths such(prenominal) as The Iliad, where war is extolled and the valorous warrior praised. Yet, modern novels such as Tim OBriens The Things They Carried (THINGS) argufy those very notions. alike The Iliad, THINGS is about war. It is about battles and soldiers, victory and survival, yet the essence OBrien gives us in THINGS runs almost contradictory to the handed-down war story. Whereas traditional stories of war take place on line of businesss where soldier battles soldier and the substance of man is tested, OBriens battle occurs in the shadowy, private place of a soldiers mind. Like the Vietnam War itself, THINGS forces Americans to question the foundations of their beliefs and values because it calls attention to the inner conscience. More than a war story, OBriens The Things They Carried is an expose on personal courage. Gone are the digest and glorious warriors such as those found in the battle of Troy. In THINGS, they are replaced by young men who experience not glory or bravery, but fear, horror, and a personal sense of shame. As mythologic courage clashes with the moderns experience of it, a battle is waged in THINGS that isnt confined to the rice-patties, jungles, and shit-fields of Vietnam. Carrying much than the typical soldiers wares, OBriens narrator is armed with an arsenal of feelings and words that slash out-of-door at an invisible enemy that is the myth of courage, on an invisible battlefield that is the Vietnam veterans mind. An analysis of structure in ... ...ings They Carried. Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 35.1 (1993) 43. Expanded faculty member ASAP. Lopez, Ken. Tim OBrien An Introduction to His Writing. Ken Lopez - Bookseller. 1997. 8 Oct 1999. http//www.lopezbooks.co m/articles/obrien.html. Works Consulted Chen, Tina. Unraveling the Deeper Meaning Exile and the Embodied Poetics of geological fault in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried. Contemporary Literature. 39.1 (1998) 77. Expanded Academic ASAP. King, Rosemary. OBriens How to Tell a veritable War Story. The Explicator. 57.3 (1999) 182. Expanded Academic ASAP. Passaro, Vince. The Things They Carried (Review). Harpers Magazine. 299.1791 (1999) 80. Expanded Academic ASAP. Robinson, Daniel. Getting It cover The Short Fiction of Tim OBrien. Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 40.3 (1999) 257. Expanded Academic ASAP.

A Media Specialist’s Role in the Research Process :: Librarians Library Media Specialist Role Essays

A Media Specialists Role in the Research ProcessWhen settlers from the East planned to go West, they saluted many challenges. Becoming dispiritedly lost was likely. Starvation was a possibility. Floods threatened impart destruction. Settlers requested an experienced guide to give them to their destination. When scholarly persons begin research regurgitates, they face similar challengesalthough the challenges are intellectual rather than physical. They can become hopelessly lost as they try to follow Internet links from single site to another. They can be starved for good education. They can be flooded with note cards that contain bland and useless facts. Students need a guide. They need a school bibliothec who can lead them along the trail of solid, meaningful research. The librarian must understand the students assignment, assist with locating helpful resources, and know the basic processes for writing a research paper. Understanding the students rese arch project assignment requires conducting a origin interview. In the Online Dictionary of Library and tuition Science by Joan M. Reitz, a reference interview is defined as the interpersonal communication that occurs between a reference librarian and a library user to meet the persons specific information need(s), which may turn out to be different than the reference school principal as initially posed. The key to this interview is good communication initiated by the librarian. Before any exchange of information takes place, an attitude exists. How the student perceives his or her question will be received (Riedling) contributes to the overall tone of the interview. The librarian must provide an atmosphere that is comfortable for the student to seek information. In addition to the physical surroundings, the librarian must use both oral and nonverbal skills to encourage the student. According to Riedling, nonverbal strategies include physical gestures, posture, facial ex pressions, tone of voice, and eye contact. The media specialist must ask open questions and trust active listening, while utilizing other verbal skills including remembering, restating, paraphrasing, closure, and inclusion.(Underdown) The librarian must determine just what sort of information is needed and the depth that is required. The process is accurately summed up by Riedlings statement that a successful reference interview is one in which the student feels satisfied that you have wedded personal attention and accurate information.

Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie :: Glass Menagerie essays

tokenismic representation in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie uses an extensive embodiment of symbolism thatdescribes the characters of Tom,Amanda,Laura and Jim. Glass,light,color andmusic constitute the substance of the dominant symbols and motifs,servingto reveal deeper aspects of characters and inherent themes of the swindle.Tennessee Williams wrote the play so that each character had a specialsymbol which resembled their personality.But he didnt only give thecharacters of the play a a resembling symbolhe also mentions theapartment blocks to be hivelike conglomerations of cellular living-unitsresembling a beenstock.The stylus he describes their location also has a lotof symbolism in its roots because he describes them to be flowering aswarty growths in overcrowded urban centers. Tennessee Williams used many symbolic aspects to describe Laura andthe humanity she lives in.In the play,Laura represents the really tenuous,shyand emotionally crippled girl.In her mind she lives in a world of film overanimals and doesnt have a connection to the real world.The managerie ofglass also represents the fragile relationships among all thecharacters.The glass unicorn is most obviously a symbol of Laura--delicate,sadly different,an anomalousness in the modern world.The glass motifrecurs throughout the whole play in many early(a) forms.When Laura droppedout of college she constantly visited the zoo,a glass fireside of tropicalflowers that are as vulnerable as she is.During Lauras and Jims brief sentimentalist encounter,Laura is gaining more confidence active herself.It seemsas if she is starting to escape her world of illusions.When they starteddancing together,Jim accidently knocked the little glass horse over.Laura,who usually worships her glass show more than anythingelse,replied to his excuseHes lost his horn.It doesnt matter.Maybeits a blessing in disguise. and Ill dear imagine he had anoperation.The horn was removed to make him feel less--freakish d irect he willfeel more at home with the other horses,the ones who dont havehorns.....These two quotes give an impression that Laura is finallyescaping her illusive world.She thinks that she major power have a chance tosurvive the real world.What she doesnt know is that she is approximately to bewounded by the news of Jims engagement.After Jim tells her the news,shegives him the unicorn as a token and retreats into her land of theglass menagerie never to come out again. In the play,Tom is the adventure seeking man trying to escapethe prison Amanda is belongings him trapped in.To escape the real world,Tomconstantly goes to the movies.The movies make him think about all theadventures he missing.It his little land of dreams.He is jealous of hisfather who leave his family and achieved what Tom always wanted,

American Secularism: Intent Analysis Essay -- Politics, The Separation

Dwight Eisenhower once wrote that, Without God, t present could be no the Statesn homunculus of government (Forbes, 2009 1). Decades later, in a speech in Turkey, President Barack Obama claimed that America does not consider itself a Judeo-Christian nation. Modern arguments about the insularism of church and secernate tend to seize upon such statements. But incomplete opinion can truly elucidate the true nature of American secularism (or lack thereof). Instead of criticizing Eisenhower for breaching that fabled wall of insularity, or President Obama for conducting an haughty public opinion poll during a speech, focus must pillow slip to the Founders. Specifically, the words of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, those men most widely attested on this issue, must be examined. From the synthesis of these mens views, the documents they had a leading role in crafting, and historical perspective, a vision of American spiritual freedom is app atomic number 18nt. With the Constitut ion, the Framers instituted bold, practical boundaries for the interaction of organized religion and the federal government (Jeffersons wall). But they did not envision the federally mandated walls that currently stand among the (local) public square and basic religious manifestations or practices. A narrower interpretation of the governance clause is closer to what was instituted by the Framers. This paper will argue that a wall of separation between church and (the federal) state was erected only insofar as the Constitution dictates it in the religion clauses. It will also posit that the present interpretation of that separation is a thoroughly young construct built by modern society and actions of the federal government. This will focus around two primary(prenominal) arguments that federal... .... This divergence is the result of an effort to enlist the Framers in a demurrer of certain positions positions based in legal frameworks never enacted by those men. If these argum ents are accepted, a reevaluation of federal attitudes is in order. Rolling back a ampere-second of incorporation doctrine would be both impossible and foolish. But the decision maker can refrain from prosecuting states who institute laws that appear within the realm of state sovereignty in the area of secularism. Ultimately, of course, the decision will rest with the courts. If the arguments presented here (and similarly elsewhere) are accepted, an overhaul in judicial interpretation of the Establishment Clause should be undertaken by the judicial branch. Thus a logical debate over secularism can begin that does not inaccurately saddlery modern constructs of secularism in the aura of the Framers.

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: Relationship Between Jim and Laura :: Glass Menagerie essays

Glass Menagerie Relationship amid Jim and Laura In high school, Jim was fundament eithery your all around nice guy. He was social to everyone, and an example of this is that he called Laura Blue Roses. He was being friendly when he nicknamed her that, but otherwise they didnt really talk to each other. That was basically under the precisely circumstances that they actually talked. The only reason that Jim asked Laura what was the issuance in the first place, was because she was out of school for a long prison term and he was just a little concerned like anyone that is your all around nice and friendly type of person would do. Jim was confident about(predicate) himself all throughout high school. Laura was not. Evidence to prove Jims confidentiality in himself is when tom turkey is telling us about Jim, He seemed to move in the revenant spotlight...He was always running or bounding, never just walking.(pg.61) Evidence from the schoolbook to prove Laura wasnt very confident in herself, is when she says, Yes, it was so hard for me, acquiring upstairs. I had that brace on my leg - it clumped so loud...I had to go clumping all the way up the aisle with everyone watching(pg.94) Jim was always in the company of others. Evidence of this is, He seemed to move in a recurrent spotlight. He was a star in basketball, captain of the debating club, president of the ranking(prenominal) class and the glee club and he sang the male offer in the annual light operas.(pg.61) Laura was the exact opposite of him. She was a mo of a wallflower. She did not like being around other large number because she thought that they were mocking her, so this is why she tried to just hold up in with the crowd. Jim had fond memories of his time in high school. As turkey cock would say, He was a star in basketball, captain of the debating club, president of the elderly class and the glee club and he sang the male devolve in the annual light operas.(pg.61) This is the memories that J im has from high school. Laura, on the other hand, has only one fond memory of high school, and that memory is Jim. She remembers Jim as this accurate guy that everyone liked. And she liked him too, just because he took the time to give her a pet name and inquire about her health.

Who I am hates who Ive been :: essays research papers

exactly A nonher Face in the Crowd On September 26, 2004, I went to visit my uncle in Powder Springs, Georgia. I had gotten into some trouble at home and rented a place to hasten a commission for a few weeks. As time passed, those few weeks turned into five months and my get away destination turned into the place I now bring forward home. I never thought when I went for a visit that I would live there permanently. It never crossed my mind that moving was in all probability the smartest decision that I have ever made. Before I move to Georgia, I was perfectly content to wait tables for the rest of my life. As enormous as I had enough money to keep up with my cell phone bill, pay for my tanning membership each month, and buy a new pair of jeans every now and then I was happy. My childishness dreams of becoming a dancer or a doctor had in some manner been pushed to the back of my mind. I was an expert at giving my parents one 100 and one logical reasons why I did not need to go to college, or get a better paying job. I lacked ambition and the desire to be anything more than the pack I was most everyday. every last(predicate) of that changed when I moved to Georgia. Instead of being surrounded by pile content with just getting by, I was surrounded by hard-working, compulsive people. Instead of living for the moment, they work today and plan for tomorrow. Being around these people as caused me to want more from life than to just survive. I want to thrive.I had lived in Florida ever since I was two historic period old. By the time I was seventeen I knew enough people to feel secure with my circle of friends. I never felt the need to reach push through and make new friends. I felt galosh with the group I had been with for so long, and besides, making new friends took to much effort. touching to a completely different state completely altered my way of thinking. I was faced with a choice. I could either keep to myself and not make any friends or I could step out and be a friend to people I had never met before. I had never liked being alone so I chose to step out and the results were rewarding.

Baroque Music Essay -- Papers

Baroque Music In 1600 a new direction of music began to evolve, this form of music was later to be called Baroque. Baroque music was very different to the music before its quantify much(prenominal) as medieval and early renaissance music and the training of new harmonic and melodic lines added difference in pace and variableness to the compositions giving them a new shape and form. The structure of the music in like manner changed, different forms such as fugues and cannons developed and different instruments were introduced. There were umpteen composers that wrote music end-to-end the baroque era, some more significant than differents plainly each contributing a large amount to the nurture throughout this period. Corelli was one and only(a) of the first prominent composers of the Baroque era he was an Italian composer and violinist writing music in a chamber style and in the form of the late baroque era. Corelli was born in 1653 in Fusigna no, Italy and left to Bologna when he was just 13 were he was taught by Leonardo Brugnol who perhaps influenced him to become a teacher of music. He was raise in the form of musical education and this is clearly shown in the development of his musical history. Corelli founded the modern school of violin playing as hygienic as earning titles such as Worlds First Great Violinist and break down of Modern Violin Technique Corelli was the first composer to be famous for authorship apply only instruments, and this is one of the points that made him stand out throughout the baroque era especially in Rome were he taught composers such as Vivaldi and Giannini who soon spread his methods too the world. Corellis work influenced many other ... ...d are used to bring the audience into the world of that particular one. They go down up the performance. Sonata form was applied to solo sonatas, chamber music, symphonies, and concertos. String quartets were the m ore or less popular chamber form of the Classical era. They were made up of one cello, two violins, and a viola and were written in 4 movements, using the sonata form. There was also a wide use of symphonies, large orchestral compositions, generally in three or four movements, symphonies are also in sonata form. Symphonies, Sonatas, and String Quartets were written by some of the most powerful composers of the classical era, Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. They composed music for vocals as well as instrumentals. Other composers included Luigi Boccherini, Hoffman and Hein.

Mans Opinion about Women Essay -- Biography, Ibsen and Wilde

There are many influences that affect a mans opinion about women. Influences such as ad hominem experiences, rumors, and the women in a mans life help unionise his opinion of a woman. Henrik Ibsen and Oscar Wilde are twain playwrights who reflected their beliefs about women in their plays. Ibsen and Wilde two believe that nightclub shunned women, unfairly forcing them into a submissive role, under the statement of men.On March 20, 1828, Henrik Johan Ibsen was born in Skien, Norway (Merriman Ibsen 1) and had four biological siblings (Meyer 13) His parents went from laden to poor at his age of six (Meyer 13). Ibsen was rumored to be a outlaw(a) child, possibly conceived before his mother married (Meyer 15). Bankruptcy and illegitimacy dawdle specter like throughout his work (Meyer 16) Ibsen went to college at Christiania (Oslo) and was the editor program of the school newspaper (Merriman Ibsen 1). While in his twenties he direct many successful drama plays in Norway (Merrima n Ibsen 1). After moving to Germany in 1858, Ibsen Married Suzannah Thoreson and together had one son (Merriman Ibsen 1). Many of Ibsens plays fetch thoughts or actions of suicide. It has been said that Ibsen himself suffered from depression and at times contemplated suicide. Social breakdown, stereotypes, menage struggle and issues of morality dominate his characters (Merriman Ibsen 1).On October 16, 1854, Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde was born in Dublin, Ireland (Merriman Wilde 1). Wilde had two biological siblings and his mother was a poet who influenced him (Merriman Wilde 1). His father was a facial surgeon, philanthropist, and a knight (Merriman Wilde 1). Wilde was home schooled for about ten years before release for Trinity College in Dublin for thre... ... gather people think. In A Dolls House and The Master Builder, Ibsen shows two magnificent examples of a husband who fails to love his wife well. The weak love they display leads to a downfall in both situations. Henrik Ibsen and Oscar Wilde both presented ideas to the Victorian society that challenged the shipway of society at that time. These ideas were presented by the characters actions and decisions that were uncharacteristic of women at the time. This brought about very much controversy. If the plays had been written in todays world the ideas would not carry been so controversial because what they challenge is now occurs more frequently. Women now book dominating roles in todays society and can make their own decisions without a male overriding them. In this way, Ibsen and Wilde influenced society because society changed in the ways that they thought it should.

Stalingrad :: essays research papers

The attack came as a complete surprise to the attraction of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin. Despite repeated intelligence warfarenings, which included the precise twenty-four hours and hour of Germanys incipient assault, Stalin remained convinced that Hitler would not risk an eastern war as long as the British Empire remained undefeated. It has been argued that Stalin in situation planned a pre-emptive attack on Germany for the early summer of 1941, and was thusly thrown off-balance by the German invasion.For two years Soviet forces pushed the German army back into Germany ...The evidence makes clear the defensive posture of the Soviet Union in 1941. Stalin did not want to risk war, though he hoped to profit from the German-British struggle if he could. In the event, the shock of attack nearly unhinged the Soviet state, and by the autumn German forces had destroyed most of the sanguine Army and the Russian air force, surrounded and besieged Leningrad - where everyplace one million people died of starvation and cold - and were approaching the outskirts of capital of the Russian Federation.The Red Army had sufficient reserves to stop the German army from complementary the rout in December 1941, but the following summer German offensives launched far to the south of Moscow, to seize the rich oilfields of the Caucasus and to cut the Volga shipping route, created that chaos.Hitler hoped that German forces would capture the oil and sweep on through the midsection East to meet up with Axis forces in Egypt. The Volga was to be occlude at Stalingrad, after which German forces could wheel northwards to outflank Moscow and the Soviet line.The southern attack failed at Stalingrad. After weeks of chaotic retreats and well-heeled German victories, the Red Army solidified its defence and against all the betting odds clung on to the battered city. In November 1942 Operation Uranus was launched by the Soviets, and the German 6th Army at Stalingrad was encircled.S ome historians have seen this as the turning arrest of the war.

In a Grove :: essays research papers

Louis Andrei Zabala                                             Litera210335625                                               07/11/05In A GroveIt is a story that provides the ultimate explanation of how two incompatible people who are witnesses to a crime give completely dissimilar psychological recollections of the same event. The author reminds us that uprightness depends on the coition. individual must step forward and tell that true statement.I believe that no matter how many times you read "In A Grove," theres not enough information in the story to figure out the uprightness somewhat what took place on the d ay of the samurais death, but its still playing period to sort out what you think you know for sure, what seems highly probable, what seems highly improbable, and what doesnt accommodate into any of these three categories. But for me, "In A Grove" isnt about searching for some kind of absolute truth its about how different than people perceive the same external event. The best example in the story of what I mean by this is perhaps the sword competitiveness between the bandit and the samurai. The bandit perceived it as a dire duel between a pair of honorable, expert swordsmen while the woodsman saw two scared, clumsy men stumbling around with swords in their hands as each tried desperately to prevail over the other any way he could. When its all said and done, you wont know who is telling the truth, who is lying and, most importantly, why.Yet the parable is more important, today, perhaps, as a lesson in how we construct the narratives upon which justice depends What f acts must we know to decide the truth? That question makes the authors inquiry the concern of those who now try out justice in the GMA presidency, as well.And it doesnt matter one bit. The writer isnt raise in truth, lies or anything of the sort. Hes interested in reality, and the reality of human truth is that no one will ever really know it.

William Wordsworth Walking: Art, Work, Leisure, and a Curious Form of Consumption :: William Wordswroth Walking Essays

William Wordsworth Walking Art, Work, Leisure, and a Curious Form of Consumption William Wordsworth spent a good portion of his life on foot, straiting. Consider a chronological succession of Dorothys journal entries Monday the 14th, Wm & Mary walked to Ambleside in the morning to buy mousetraps (about 5 miles fatten out trip) Tuesday the 15th, Wm & I walked to Rydale for letters (about 3 miles round trip) Wednesday the 16th, After dinner Wm & I walked twice up to the shed & back again (3 miles), met Miss Simpson and walked with her to the Oliffs and then(prenominal) back to her house (a nonher 3 miles) Thursday the 17th, we had a delightful walk (a couple of miles) Friday the 18th, Mary & Wm walked round the two lakes (about 6 miles) Saturday the 19th, We walked by Brathay to Ambleside (6 miles). instantly such distances are not remarkable in fine weather, entirely these were walks from the 14th to the 19th of December 1801, and Dorothys notes include A very subt le frost, extremely slippery, and Snow in the night & still snowing, and the evening turbid and promising snow (GJ 48-49). Undeterred by bad weather, Wordsworth (and Dorothy) gave manner of walking a central position in their daily lives, even to the extent that not walking becomes a remarkable event. Dorothy records that on September 13, 1800, William writing his enter did not walk (GJ 22). And of course in better weather in that respect were shorter and longer walking tours such as Dorothys record of September 3, 1800, in which Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Jonathan Wordsworth left after breakfast to walk upon Helvellyn and returned home at 10 at night, having covered believably 15 to 20 miles (GJ 20-21)--a long, but not unusually long for them, walk. In short, Wordsworth habitually spent at least(prenominal) several hours a day walking, and it was not at all uncommon for him to spend entire days on foot. The central role of walking in Wordsworths life suggest s a number of interesting questions, but I will focus here only on those related to the write up of this conference, work and leisure. Obviously, much of Wordsworths walking could be classed as leisure-time activity. There was probably no compelling reason for Wordsworth and Dorothy to walk twice to the Black Swan or for Wordsworth and Mary to circumambulate the lakes.

Handmaids Tale :: essays papers

Handmaids TaleIn what ship canal can The Handmaid&rsquos Tale be considered a feminist allegory?The Handmaid&rsquos Tale is narrated by an oppressed woman, so it is tobe anticipate that feminism becomes a recurring theme. Wo workforce have no rightsor notes unless they have a valid marriage to a man. They are devoted fewoptions&ndash if they are fertile they can become sex slaves&ndash&lsquo womb on legs&rsquo to commanding officers or choose to go to the colonies.Infertile women or&lsquo unwomen&rsquo are seen as having no use so theyautomatically go to the colonies where they leave behind die from disease orradiation. Their use and status is totally dependant on theirrelationships with men and ability to have children. Women are used bymen and treated as far inferior, in Gilead women are the men&rsquosproperty. The handmaids especially&ndash&lsquo We are a commodity&rsquo,their names in the domicile reflect this&ndash Offred&ndash Of Fred.They can be disposed of at will, even the Commander&rsquos Wives havelittle real importance and are given menial tasks such as orderingprayers at Soul Scrolls and knitting the Guardians scarves&ndash&lsquomayhap it&rsquos just something to keep the Wives busy, to give them asense of purpose&rsquo. just now this concept of women being extensions and property of men is oneused in our own society. Though mostly out dated now,&lsquo Mrs PeterWatson&rsquo is identical to&lsquo Ofglen&rsquo. But practically all boundarysfor women are the extension of the term for men&ndash Mr/s, fe/male,wo/man. This leads to the idea that Atwood is really just exaggeratingthe current occurrence of the world. The second quote at the beginning ofthe book from Swift&rsquos&lsquo A Modest Proposal&rsquo indicates thatThe Handmaid&rsquos Tale is Atwood&rsquos own satirical weigh of presenttimes. In an interview Atwood says&lsquo theres nothing in the text thathasn&rsquot already happened&rsquo. The third quote&ndash&lsquo There isno sign in the resign that says&lsquo Thou shalt not eatstones&rsquo&rsquo indicates that she believes Gilead could never comeinto existence because of the super acid sense of people, no one could reallybelieve in its philosophical system and beliefs, the society&rsquos flaws are tooapparent.Another interpretation of the novel is that it is a reaction against anyidea that the woman&rsquos place is in the home, that her touch on use is oneof reproduction. It demonstrates where these views could lead ifencouraged or entertained. It gives the idea that men would act that wayif given the power, that they would like to be in hear and superior.That although men outwardly accept and respect women, inwardly they donot see them as equals&lsquo I sense in him (the Commander) none of the