Kill the Internet Essay

Kill the Internet-and Other Anti-SOPA Myths Essay The Article â€Å"Kill the Internet-and Other Anti-SOPA Myths† by Danny Goldberg introduces PIPA(Protect Intellectual Property Act) for online piracy on the internet. This situation is connected to the copyright piracy as well. The issue in this essay is the common problem of published articles and links being copied and pasted from people off the internet and getting credit for another person’s work. In this case I agree with the SOPA because copyright is not to be credited for those who don’t do their own work. To me, it is a guidance for help not coping. Coping someone’s work is not helping the situation and takes the away the opportunity of the author to get credit. One reason to my decision on agreeing is the leading affect of progressive voices and outlets of skillful writers work is being taken into someone else’s work. According to the Politics website, the legislation would allow copyright holders and the justice Department to seek court orders against websites associated with copyright infringement. To the legislative, they believe that the copyright holders chances of winning is not very high. They see coping as a threat to publishers and should be banned even if internet websites lose business. A second reason that got me to agree was a statement made by Clay Shirky’s assistant in the book The McGraw-Hill Guide. â€Å" Many believe that copyright isn’t coping if the creator doesn’t lose profit because nothing physical isn’t taken from them,† – Clay Shirky’s assistant. This statement is false reasoning because even if the authors profit isn’t lost, the fact that their hard work is being copied by someone else doesn’t make things alright. The publisher worked hard on the writing they published to the internet and it shouldn’t be taken advantage of. People need to realize that taking others work isn’t a very clever idea because your only hurting yourself by taking other people’s credit. It’s the same as someone taking a movie that a director worked hard to become public and then has to find out their credit was copied by another person and is being used or is being taken ownership  by that person. Because of this problem many websites are losing their businesses for links and articles of authors are declining their work to be on the internet. For this I believe the SOPA is making the right decision and should proceed in protecting the internet uses. All in all copyright should have been prohibited a long time ago. For those whose work is being taken out of context and losing credit isn’t fair. SOPA and PIPA industries should feel good about themselves for finally taking action and stopping internet copiers on the websites available to the people. Resources: The Politics Website The Nation Website The McGraw-Hill Guide book

The Nature of Love in Sonnets

Write an essay on the nature of love as it is represented in two sonnets from the reader. Why do you think the sonnet form lends itself to talking about love? During the 13th century, literature was mainly focused on love. It is evident in Spenser’s and Shakespeare’s sonnets because they believed in true love. Sonnets were created as a way to express feelings about life issues including love put into words. This essay talks about how the sonnet form lends itself talking about love.It goes on a brief explanation of what a sonnet is; from where it originated from, and yet a detailed understanding of sonnet forms. I also talk about two sonnets extracted from the reader – (sonnet 2 William Shakespeare, 1609) and (– Amoretti 78 Edmund Spenser, 1595) this essay also explains why they loved writing sonnets and to whom it was dedicated to. The sonnet comes from the Italian word, â€Å"sonnetto† which means â€Å"little song†. Originally in the thirte enth century, sonnets were first sung in Italian courtyards expressing romantic love.Around the 1200’s, they were written by Dante and Tasso in Italy, followed by Du Bellay and Ronsard in France before it was introduced and translated in English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century. Basically, the traditional subject of the sonnet has primarily been love because they were written to express feelings of love. Famous writers such as Shakespeare, Petrarch and Edmund wrote their greatest sonnets about love. Why? Because they wanted to impress their mistresses with their great poetic skills.Back in that time, sonnets were used as a statement of their deepest feelings and love was a big part of them. The sonnet is a lyrical poem; it consists of fourteen lines. It has a regular pattern of rhyme called a rhyme scheme and has a specific structure called the iambic pentameter, a term for poem patterns in which each line has 10 syllables beginning with an unstressed syllable and a stressed syllable followed by another pair of unstressed and stressed syllables until there are five pairs of syllables. There are three major types of sonnets I will be talking about and they are as different from each other.The first type is called the Petrarchan sonnet also known as the Italian sonnet was created by a Sicilian poet Giacomo da Lentini but was named after Francesco Petrarch because he mastered sonnets perfectly in the 14th century better than Giacomo himself. He fell in love with a young woman he saw at the church. Laura, whose name he was to immortalize in his sonnets, inspired him to write â€Å"the Canzoniere† a collection of love poems consisting of 365 sonnets about her, his true love. Petrarch wrote his sonnets about love.It was the first sonnet form to be written in the English language. The pattern of this sonnet is normally divided into two parts: the octave and the sestet. The octave is the first eight lines that have two quatrain and where the the me or problem is described which have the rhyming scheme of ABAB ABAB; on the other hand, the sestet is what solves the problem normally is the last six lines and it has three possibilities such as CDECDE or CDCCDC or CDCDCD. It usually has a pause between the octave and the sestet called the turn or â€Å"Volta† often being the 9th line.The second type of sonnet, the Shakespearean also known as the English sonnet was developed by the Earl of Surrey in the 16th century. It was named after William Shakespeare because he was the first to write in this form composing great sonnets. He wrote 154 sonnets and most of them were related about love. The Shakespearean sonnet is known to be very easy and simple to write; it is made up of three quatrains and a couplet at the end written in the iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, no wonder it is easy to remember and also follows the alphabetic order.What makes it different from other sonnet forms, is that it is writ ten and printed without a pause in-between the lines. In this type of sonnet, the rhyming lines in each stanza are the first and third and the second and fourth. In the couplet ending, both lines rhyme and follow the same rhyming pattern in all of his sonnets. Shakespeare’s love sonnets are indeed very personal addressing a lot of issues in life. It was believed that he wrote some of his sonnets for a young man which he describes beautiful; some thought if he was homosexual. Well that is something we might never know.Love for Shakespeare was beautiful; he was passionate about love and the sonnet form was a way for him to express his feelings. Through them, he was able to pass personal messages about life issues including, love. How hard it is to mention to whom his sonnets were dedicated to; some say his first 126 were for his love of a young man that questioned many of his sexuality. Of course there was a possibility that he cheated on his wife, Anne Hathaway and wrote some of his sonnets about the women he had his affairs with. Let’s have a look in his sonnet 20 from the reader (William Shakespeare 1564-1616 from sonnets): it s known to be one of the best of his 154 sonnets. It has caused a lot of confusion mainly because it shows a deep love for another man describing him with womanly features – a beautiful looking man. This man, who he could have created has earned Shakespeare’s love, though he points out in the last lines â€Å"Mine be thy love and thy love’s use their treasure† that it is a spiritual and not a physical love. â€Å"Hast thou, the master mistress of my passion†, can such a man-woman exist? This master-mistress is meant for women by the nature's â€Å"application† of the male genital organs.When he says â€Å"An eye more bright than theirs, less false in rolling† clearly shows that he thinks men are more honest and intelligent than women. It also suggests that a person's ability is tied in with their appearance, and can even suggest that a person having both manly and womanly features is the most beautiful to him . According to my readings this sonnet is proof of Shakespeare's homosexuality; others believe he just wanted to explain the universal nature of love. Now on with the third and last sonnet form, the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenser one of the greatest poet in the English literature.Well, it is similar to the Shakespearean sonnet form with three quatrains and a couplet, written in iambic pentameter with a rhyme scheme of ABAB BCBC CDCD EE. Some think that this type of form is quite difficult to understand especially new students as it is a mixed of the Petrarchan and the Shakespearean form that creates a stronger link between quatrains, and in a way of a more song-like tone. This fits since the word sonnet means â€Å"Little Song† in Italian. Spenser is well-known for â€Å"Amoretti†, a collection of love sonnets he wrote for his second wife, Elizabeth Boyle after their marriage.In his sonnets, Spenser talks about the love he has for his wife and what she means to him. One good example is the sonnet 78 from the Amoretti sonnets: Lackyng my love I go from place to place, Lyke a young fawne that late hath lost the hynd: and seeke each where, where last I sawe her face, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦beholds her selfe in me ( Amoretti 78, Edmund Spenser, 1595) In Sonnet 78 (amoretti 78 Edmund Spenser), he feels a separation from his fiancee deeply, wandering â€Å"from place to place, lyke a young fawne that late hath lost the hynd† (lines 1-2).He suffers over her departure and spends his time going to the places they spent time together: â€Å"And seeke each where, where last I sawe her face† looks at how much she reminds him of her presence, and instead to turn his eyes inward, that he might â€Å"Behold her selfe in mee† (line 14). Spenser's sonnets detail the admiration and the agonizing aspects of love. He uses very complex words in this sonnet maybe intending to show his writing skills or just the language he used in his sonnets. What would our lives be without love? Which would be their meaning?Without friendship, love experiences, would it be worthwhile to live? The language of love can be expressed in so many ways, through talking, through words maybe that’s why sonnets were created for; sonneteers wanted to impress their great writing skills and love was the best topic in the sonnet. Nowadays the sonnet is rather sung through songs, most songs you listen to is about love, people may not notice it but my opinion is sonnets are a beautiful way to communicate to the reader and will live forever. As you can see, sonnets have played a vital part of the early renaissance in literature.They have been used to talk about specific topic such as religion, politics but were mainly focused on love because it was firstly written about love. Sonnets are considered to be love poems even though afterwards some other writers wrote about their choice of topic. Shakespeare and Spenser were passionate about love and even received love; writing sonnets was a way for them to express their unattained feelings and to immortalize their great work through the sonnet which will live on onto many generations. They thought of love being something beautiful and magical. 1610 words

The Act of 1593 against the Puritans and the Act against the Recusants Essay

The Act of 1593 against the Puritans and the Act against the Recusants - Essay Example ceforth I will from time to time obey and perform her majesty's laws and statutes, in repairing to the church and hearing divine service, and do my uttermost endeavour to maintain and defend the same. (Gee & Hardy, 1896) The Church at that time, led by the Queen, forebad all that the Queen did not agree with and would ensure that all laws pertaining to the Church and the Parliament were enforced. Any signals from the citisenry at the time of Queen Elizabeth's reign that did not follow the orthodox Church of England at that time and chose to follow any puritan religious movements was dealt with by the Courts. Historically, the Puritans were members of a group of English Protestants that were looking to reform and possibly separate from the church establishment of the time. From the onset, the Puritans ranted to have the Church replace the popish rituals including the ornaments and rituals that were prevalent in the Church at that time such as vestments, musical organs and genuflection and move toward a more Presbyterian model, otherwise known as a Congregationalist model. As Puritans were commonly referred to during that period of history as Dissenters, it was common for those following the Puritan practice to be barred for any profession that required official religious conformity, which then endeavored new industries to be developed. The Puritan and Recusants Belief System Although both groups equally professed their disdain for the secularism that was found within the Church itself. The Puritans refused to accept the entire Church structure as it was currently showing. The Catholics who were then referred to as Recusants, did not wish to take any part of the church's services and would rather be punished than attend Elizabeth's church. Puritans did not directly challenge Elizabeth's claim to the throne but couldn't be accused of working for a foreign power. The Puritans The central belief system within the Puritanism movement is "God's supreme authority over human affairs, particularly in the church, and especially as expressed in the Bible." (Wikipedia, 2006) The Recusants The Recusants, as defined by Encarta, were " Roman Catholics in the 16th century who refused (Latin recusare, "to refuse") to attend religious services in the Church of England because of their allegiance to the pope. Because Recusants rejected the ecclesiastical supremacy of the Crown and constituted a minority who did not go to the state church, they were penalized with increasingly severe legislation. This culminated in fines of 20 per month. In times of danger from foreign invasion further disabilities were imposed. The issue came to a head with the papal bull of 1570, which absolved all subjects

Identify the key characteristics of Transaction Cost Economics Essay

Identify the key characteristics of Transaction Cost Economics - Essay Example The transaction costs can be further grouped into coordination along with motivation costs. The motivation costs are said to be comprising of opportunism along with the agency costs. The costs involved in coordination include the costs of searching, coordination of inputs along with the costs of measurement. In the real world, the transaction costs extension across multiple monetary exchanges can be achieved. To achieve these exchanges, some forms of governance frameworks are needed since they will be vital in determining the integrity’s of various transactions (McNutt, 2005). This can be accomplished adequately by using the formal along with informal frameworks to ensure that transactions are carried out in monetary manners. The notion of transaction cost economics stipulates that the other alternative forms of structures that can be utilized for organizing the economic activities are markets along with hierarchies. The concept of TCE additionally suggests that companies requ ire aligning the governance frameworks with their transactional traits. The concept of TCE disagrees with the issue of people making decisions concerning the usage of government frameworks that will maximize the costs associated with transactions. The criterion that is most basically used in organizing the transaction costs involves economizing the total costs involved in their expenses and transactions. Markets whose total costs are high can appropriately use governance frameworks such as hierarchies (Basenko, Dravone, Shanley & Schaefer, 2009). The distinct traits of transactions have been argued to be the specifying of assets, uncertainty and the frequency of the transactions occurring. The trait known as asset specificity means the degree to which investments made on transactions are special to a particular transaction. In case a transaction flops, then the investments will be deemed as below value when utilized in another way. A circumstance of this nature can easily lead to th e establishment of dependencies between the sellers along with buyers of a particular product (McNutt, 2005). This is because the buyers are tied up to the seller and cannot purchase from other sellers in the market. A partner in a transaction who only invests through specialized possessions will be more vulnerable to encounter opportunism. They will be required to carry out specialized efforts aimed at protecting their investments through the implementation, monitoring and enforcement of contractual controls (Basenko, Dravone, Shanley & Schaefer, 2009). An appropriate method of safeguarding against such problems is to apply the policies of vertical amalgamation/integration. This means that a company will have to indulge in the production of goods and services rather than purchase the already manufactured goods in the market. High levels of asset specificity imply that a company has to indulge in internally organizing their production rather than indulge in governing their markets ( Basenko, Dravone, Shanley & Schaefer, 2009). The other trait of a transaction that is known as uncertainty mainly implies that the company will or may face situations which are currently unknown. These conditions could result from different sources such as their environment and behaviors. Uncertainty that comes from the environment refers to the difficulties encountered in

An American Drama Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An American Drama - Movie Review Example This paper declares that  the movie starts immediately after a car accident had taken place. Detective Waters, a man of African American descent, had been in the area to inspect a crime scene in the same location of the accident he had just been involved in. When Waters goes to look at the crime scene, what he sees is not seen by the audience.  This study outlines that when Ryan and his partner, Hansen, leave the diner to begin their shift, they pull over a vehicle because they believed that the couple inside were engaged in sexual activities while driving. The black couple in the car, Cameron and Christine, obey the orders of the officers and leave the vehicle to be questioned. Christine, who had been drinking, is frisked by Ryan, though he involves himself more than he needed to, sexually molesting her. After his finishes with his groping, he lets the couple leave.  Another montage begins again, focusing on Christine’s anger at Cameron for not helping her when the poli ce officer was touching her. Daniel is shown putting his daughter to bed after she became scared when she heard a gun shot. Anthony and Peter, in the car they had stolen, accidentally runs over one of the Asian men from the diner, who they drop off at a hospital. Hansen, fed up with Ryan’s racism and behavior, tries to get a new partner. After this montage, others scenes are shown that display each character going through more problems involving racism, with the characters going against each other simply because of the color of their skin.

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Obesity - Essay Example In airplanes, they should be forced to buy double seats to allow them and other passengers to travel comfortably. Those who feel aggrieved by such radical measure should look for other means of transport or board a private plane Jim is ethical because he does not steal the software but he is rather given for the being a member of the BB network. Secondly, utilitarianism demands that people act on the basis of the greater good. In this setting, it is clear that the process of procurement of software by their company is hectic, and therefore to increase their efficiency Jim and his colleagues, they opt to download software. Lastly, by telling the truth to Thelma, Jim is ethical. Thelma is being harmed because she her moral principles on copyrighted product are also being violated. In addition, the software companies lose sales because of such networks. Thus, Thelma and software companies are the major victims. Having software in BB implies that people have the privilege of accessing or downloading them. Hence, these are acting ethically in the sense that they follow the required procedure to obtain software via BB. Further, it is the easiest or the fastest way to obtain software because it takes care of people who cannot afford to buy software. In addition, these people do not hack sites for software but rather share what they have between each other. Thelma has a choice of either not associating with site if she feels it is unethical or be part of the network if she can justify the actions and values based on utilitarian principle. However, considering her first reaction she ought not join the network at

National Advocacy Paper (political science) Research

National Advocacy (political science) - Research Paper Example Like the Arizona anti-immigration law, the Alabama Bill has been the subject of much debate and controversy. Hammon’s campaign sentiments express the general views of those who support Arizona-style anti-immigration laws. Hammon said: We’ve let this go on too long. Our budget cannot handle it. Our justice system cannot handle all the crime. We want them to stop taking advantage of our benefits (Beyerle 2011). These sentiments reflect the concern that undocumented individuals are taking jobs that American citizens can have. More troubling however, undocumented aliens do not pay income taxes and as a result the government is denied a valuable source of revenue. If American citizens held the jobs that are currently taken by undocumented aliens, their income would be taxed. Complicating matters, undocumented aliens typically send their income to family and loved ones in their countries of origin, thus contributing to or worsening the depressed economy (Langley 2007, p. 19). Ultimately, arguments in favour of anti-immigration laws that mirror the Arizona immigration law and the Alabama Bill take the position that, illegal aliens take away from the economy rather than contribute to it. At the same time, illegal aliens enjoy the benefits that come with contributing to economic growth and tax revenues. The extent of those benefits are manifested by the fact that they live in the US and use facilities supported by tax-payers, such as schools, hospitals, parks, roads and other essential provisions and amenities (Langley 2007, pp. 19-20). As for crime, the Testimony of District Attorney John M. Morganelli befor the House Subcommittee on Immigration Border, Security and Claims reflects the concerns about illegal immigration and crime. Morganelli noted that: The majority of illegal aliens who are here are engaged in criminal activity. Identity theft, use of fraudulent social security numbers and green cards, tax evasion, driving without licenses represent some of the crimes that are engaged in by the majority of illegal aliens on a daily basis merely to maintain and hide their illegal status (The Dark Side of Illegal Immigration, n.d.). There is no denying the authenticity of these concerns. Any time an event or a system of events contributes toward criminal activity and economic decline, it requires immediate attention and resolution. The obvious question is then, why are anti-immigration laws so controversial? Why was there so much debate and controversy over Arizona’s anti-immigration law? Why should these controversies and debates concern Alabama’s law-makers and any other state seeking to resolve the immigration issues identified in the preceding passages? The other side of the argument sheds some light on the contentious issues surrounding the immigration issue. The primary concern for advocates against the Alabama Bill is reflective of the concern expressed against the Arizona Immigration Law. That concern is human r ights issues. As Jason Childs, State Director for the Center for Progress in Alabama stated: These people are not some kind of problem to be dealt with, they’re committed members of our community, they’re human beings with inalienable rights, they have been a tremendous resource for our state (Wolverton 2011). It is unclear how illegal

Art Philosophy - Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Philosophy - Plato - Essay Example In short, Plato argues the fact that a proper speech, or rhetorical work of literature, must necessarily work together as a creature and is body parts all work together. Plato discusses this as the head of the creature leading into the body which is been supported by a series of appendages. Although this is necessarily a reduction with regards to the way in which a proper outline should help to support core arguments that the author seeks to make, it is nonetheless a useful way of helping to provide a metaphor with regards to the entire writing process. Although many writers seeking merely right from the top of their head without any clear indication of where their work is going or how they assume it should include, Plato is obviously of the mindset that a work of literature and/or speechmaking must rely upon the core fundamentals of the outlining approach that the illustrates and discusses. This should not be seen as odd due to the fact that none of Plato’s works, or the work s of his contemporaries, were done in haste. Rather, they were thoughtfully analyzed, put together within an effective shell and presented to the viewing/listening/reading audience. Within such a way, seeking to abide by the very same rules of conduct and approach that Plato specified has a definitive level of benefit for the writer or artist within the current era. Although the outlining process may seem as something of a laborious one that is not necessitated by an accomplished writer, the mere fact that Plato himself referenced the outlining process as something of such a great importance helps to underscore the fact that even a writer of the highest order and/or one that is most certainly a genius is still not good enough to compose any of their arguments and/or works off the top of their head. 2. Plato's view on writing is related to his views on art, especially literature. Discuss Plato's views on art, and also mention the dialogue in which these views are discussed. Although the preceding analysis might be viewed as somewhat formulaic, it should not be understood that Plato’s view on writing is ultimately related to a step-by-step recipe of how such a process should be affected. Whereas it is oftentimes understood that the mastery of any subject or art can effectively be accomplished merely by following something of a recipe for success, the fact of the matter is that many exhibitions of human knowledge are more of an art form than they are merely the combination of a certain recipe of component facts and information. In this way, Plato’s â€Å"Phaedrus† illustrates the way in which Plato had an alternative view with regards to the process of writing and how he expected the divination of art as a simple step-by-step process through which the individual merely followed rote memorization in order to achieve a given function. In this way, Plato advocates rather than following something of a script to achieve effective dialogue, it is n ecessary to appreciate core tenets of what it means to be human. These, according to Plato, include the following: an understanding of madness, divine inspiration, and the practice and mastery of art. Although this may seem as a nebulous answer to the question above, the fact of the matter is that rather than championing a formulaic approach, Plato

Main Factors Affecting Product Pricing in the UK Essay

Main Factors Affecting Product Pricing in the UK - Essay Example These factors are sometimes specific to products whereas at times they run across all or many products. (DBIS, 2011) Factors determining product pricing in UK One interesting factor that determines product pricing in the UK is gender. It might not affect all products but it does affect some products. According to the Association of British Insurers (ABI) research on â€Å"use of gender in insurance pricing†, gender plays a significant role in determining the price of insurance products. The researchers also report that there was, however, no patterned discrimination against either gender in this pricing. However, use of gender to determine the price of insurance commodities is conspicuous. For instance, ABI reports that young female drivers parted with less for insurance coverage as compared to their male counterparts. This is attributed to the lower chance of the female drivers having accidents in relation to male drivers. In another example, women gain more in matters of lif e insurance due to lower premiums because they have a longer life expectancy. Men, on the other hand, benefit from lower medical premiums between age thirty-five and fifty-five. This is due to the medical risks involved between the ages .i.e. women have higher medical risks. (ABI, 2010, pp. 4-10). Product differentiation is another determinant of product pricing in the UK. Product differentiation is bettering a commodity by making it different and of unique qualities as well as adding newness to the market. Product differentiation could bring with it advantages that include product variety which would result in lowered prices for consumers. Many differentiated products, therefore, are advantageous to the consumer. (Randall, 2009, pp. 17-19). Similar products by different companies lead to substitution by customers in case of price changes. Highly differentiated products, on the other hand, have lower price competition regardless of the number of companies that are competing. Example s of such products include cigarettes, beauty products and service industries like hotels among others. In such products, there is a monopoly in terms of pricing for the marketers since customers do not seem to look at pricing. British American Tobacco has not had a significant change in their number of customers despite an increase in its products’ prices. Therefore the less differentiated a product is, the higher the chance of its customers shifting to other competing products as a result of changes in pricing. (Wiley, 2005, pp. 2-5) Holcombe’s concept of an advantageous product differentiation has been employed in the UK by several departments, among them, the UK Department for International Development (DFID). The department conducted a research to establish how an introduction to this strategy could make medicine more accessible to patients. (Yadav, 2010, pp. 5-10). Government interventions and strategies, for instance, increase in interest rates, also tend to aff ect product pricing especially on financial assets like shares. The Bank of England is charged with the responsibility to regulate these rates and therefore the bank’s decision on the rates affects the prices of these assets. Increase in interest rates on these assets leads to increase in prices of the related commodities. (Bank of England, 2011).

Hofstede analysis Essay Example for Free

Hofstede analysis Essay 1. Power distance: the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. 2. Individualism- the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. 3. Masculinity / Femininity-The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine).†¨ 4. Uncertainty avoidance The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these †¨ 5. Long term orientation- the extent to which a society shows a pragmatic future-oriented perspective rather than a conventional historical short-term point of view. Power distance Thailand scores 64 on PDI index, slightly lower than the average Asian countries (71). It is a society in which inequalities are accepted; a strict chain of command and protocol are observed. Each rank has its privileges and employees show loyalty, respect and deference for their superiors in return for protection and guidance. This may lead to paternalistic management.†¨Thus, the attitude towards managers are more formal, the information flow is hierarchical and controlled. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Individualism With a score of 20 Thailand is a highly collectivist country. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group (a family, extended family, or extended relationships). Loyalty to the in-group in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.†¨In order to preserve the in-group, Thai are not confrontational and in there communication a â€Å"Yes† may not mean an acceptance or agreement. An offence leads to loss of face and Thai are very sensitive not to feel shamed in front of their group. Personal relationship is key to conducting business and it takes time to build such relations thus patience is necessary as well as not openly discuss business on first occasions. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Masculinity / Femininity Thailand scores 34 on this dimension and is thus considered a feminine society. Thailand has the lowest Masculinity ranking among the average Asian countries of 53 and the World average of 50. This lower level is indicative of a society with less assertiveness and competitiveness, as compared to one where these values are considered more important and significant. This situation also reinforces more traditional male and female roles within the population.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Uncertainty avoidance Thailand scores 64 on this dimension indicating a preference for avoiding uncertainty. †¨In order to minimize or reduce this level of uncertainty, strict rules, laws, policies, and regulations are adopted and implemented. The ultimate goal of this population is to control everything in order to eliminate or avoid the unexpected. As a result of this high Uncertainty Avoidance characteristic, the society does not readily accept change and is very risk adverse. Change has to be seen for the greater good of the in-group. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Long term orientation With a score of 56 Thailand is a Long Term Oriented culture though not as much as for most Asian countries. †¨LTO is manifest on their respect for tradition and inequality between people. †¨Amongst the values that are praised, working hard and having a sense of moderation are dominant. The investment in personal relationships and network is paramount. Protecting one’s face is key and a protocol in their non confrontational behavior.†¨Their concern is not to look for one truth which helps them be flexible and pragmatic in negotiations.†¨Thai favor long term oriented perspective and thus Thailand deadlines and timescales are fluid.

Twentieth Century Feminism And Womens Rights

Twentieth Century Feminism And Womens Rights Feminism is defined as the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. Although there were many protests, discussions, writings, and advancements of womens rights dating back to the third century B.C., what is known as the womens movement or feminist movement did not become an organized movement until the mid to late 1800s (11). Three Waves of Feminism A wave metaphor is commonly used to differentiate the three main eras in feminism history. However, the metaphor did not come about until the beginning of the second era. The term Second Wave Feminism was first contrived by Marsha Lear (11) in the late 1960s when women of the Womens Liberation Movement were looking to separate their cause from the movements associated with the first era (1), so the terms first-wave and second-wave were created at the same time. The use of this new terminology also seemed to revive the movement in the public eye after lying dormant for some time. Reference to the third wave began to appear in the mid-1980s as discussions and writings on the relationship of racism to feminism began to appear (11). First Wave Feminism, Mid-1800s to 1920 The First Wave of feminism was the era spanning from the mid-1800s to 1920, mostly in the United States and the United Kingdom. Focus was mainly on legal rights for women, primarily the right to vote. Legalities in the United States and United Kingdom In the United States, the federal constitution originally had no provision for voting rights, so the decision was left to the individual states. (3) Initially, suffrage was granted in some states to tax payers or property owners only. Women did become property owners in some states as early as 1939 (3). However, in the mid-nineteenth century, provisions were also being put in place in most states which expanded enfranchisement to all free adult males only. This left American women with two options to appeal for their rights. They could either appeal to the individual voters in each state to approve legislation, or they could appeal for an amendment to the federal constitution. In Great Britain, women saw three Reform Acts between 1832 and 1884 pass through parliament which all granted suffrage only to men or mens households. (3). The Reform Act of 1832 provided the right to vote to property holding middle class men where it had previously been reserved for aristocracy. The Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884 expanded these rights to the male voter within urban and rural households (2) and (5). With these reforms, the British parliament was satisfied that the majority of citizens was represented. British women were now faced with a complex parliamentary process which required that all legislation pass through Parliament three times before it would be considered. Given the contentment of Parliament that the majority was now represented, this would not be an easy task. Industrial Revolution Brings Change Up to the early nineteenth century, women were in the workplace but primarily as teachers and other such roles that were considered appropriate for women. The onset of the Industrial Revolution gave rise to jobs in factories, mines, and shops from which work related issues also sprang. In the US, various independent issues of womens rights had arisen around the nation but not enough to give a voice to all women. It wasnt until the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 that women would have that voice. Seneca Falls Convention 1848 The five women who called for a meeting on July 19th and 20th, 1848 in the small town of Seneca Falls, NY did so out of the frustration of their own experiences. Much to their surprise, they would find the support of 300 people, including at least 40 men, who had come from a 50 mile radius to hear what they had to say. On that first day of the convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton began to read the Declaration of Independence aloud to the audience from which the Declaration of Principles was born. (6) The Declaration of Sentiments or Declaration of Principles would become the foundation of the Womens Movement for decades to come, and from this moment in history, the Womens Movement began to grow. Organizations Born Out of Division The end of the U.S. Civil War brought division among suffrage supporters. In 1869, the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was formed by those who supported enfranchising black males (15th Amendment) and worked at the state level to gain the right to vote. In the same year, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and stood on the platform that all women should be allowed to vote along with black men. This group focused on federal constitutional changes, the message of equality in general, and primarily a feminist agenda. In 1890, these two groups were combined to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) with Stanton as its leader. (3) The British movement started around the time of the Second Reform Act. Parliament Member John Stuart Mill made two attempts to ratify the voting rights. In the first attempt, he brought a petition signed by 1500 women to the House of Commons. In the second attempt, he proposed that the wording of the Reform Bill of 1867 be changed to include people instead of men. Although both attempts failed, these acts became the catalyst for the creation of several womens committees. As was the case in America, British women were divided on how best to approach the issue of enfranchisement. Northern suffragists were more interested in getting back to basics and campaigning for the cause where London-based suffragists were more interested in strategies of parliament. Some believed in a more gradual approach by suggesting, for example, to start by allowing only unmarried women to vote. While others believed that this type of approach only served to punish those women who were not included. By the e nd of the century, most of these organizations became part of the umbrella group known as the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) centralized under the leadership of Millicent Garrett Fawcett who was also one of the originators of the first womens organization in Manchester.(3) End of a Century to the Start of WWI The period between the end of the nineteenth century and the start of World War I saw limited movement in womens rights. This gave women on both sides of the ocean the opportunity to form a kinship in their cause through visiting and writing one another about their disappointments and setbacks. The frustration that ensued from the continued delays also gave rise to a more extreme group that would later be known as the Suffragettes. Extremist Movements The term Suffragette was first used as a derogatory term to describe a radical splinter group within the British womens suffrage movement, lead by Emmeline Pankhurst, called the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) (7). Theirs was a group which had resorted to breaking windows and harassment to gain attention for the cause. They would later resort to more militant style acts such as bombings and arson. As these women were imprisoned for their law breaking tactics, many of the suffragettes would participate in self-imposed hunger strikes. Initially, the government chose to force-feed the women, but this only served to gain public support for the WSPU. In 1913, Parliament implemented the Cat and Mouse Act which allowed for temporary release of the hunger strikers who would then be jailed again upon their recovery. (7) However, reincarcerating these women proved to be difficult and again raised further public support for the cause. One of the most famous acts by a Suffragette occurr ed at the Epsom Derby in 1913. Emily Davison stepped in front of King George Vs horse and was trampeled in the middle of the race. She would die from her injuries four days later. (7) American supporters of the womens suffrage movement chose not to use the term Suffragette primarily because of the negative connotation that came with the term. Alternatively, they chose to use the term suffragists which was more generic and also could be used by male and female supporters of the womens suffrage movement. After World War I The onset of World War I delayed the womens suffrage movement in both nations as supporters turned their attention to the war efforts. However, this short term concession would lead to long term rewards. In 1917, six states in the U.S. granted women the right to vote in primaries and in municipal and presidential elections. (8) The momentum was building. In 1920, Tennessee would be the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment that gives American women the voting rights that we invoke today. Second Wave Feminism, 1960s through late 1970s In the United States, women began to become concern about the issue of womens liberation which occurred in the late 1960s. They were disappointed with the secondary status given to womens issues on the left and emboldened by the black power rhetoric that had emerged from the civil rights movement; these women decided that its the time for them to take care of their own issues and goals to be heard and show their political concerns. For many of women involved in this movement, the idea those women could work together in the name of women seemed new, exciting, and without much historical precedent. From their perspective, the earlier womens movement of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries seemed removed and without much relevance to the lives and politics of the new breed of feminists. While many women were certainly aware that a womens movement had existed in the previous century, they looked instead towards the New Left and civil rights movements of the 1960s as the forerunne rs to their feminism (m). Second Wave Feminism began in 1960s through 1990s which actually started with the protest against the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City in 1968 and 1969. Compared with the First Wave, the Second Wave was more focused in the anti-war and civil rights movements and the growing self-consciousness of a variety of minority groups around the world. The New Left was on the rise, and the voice of the second wave was increasingly radical. During this period, sexuality and reproductive rights were dominant issues, and much of the movements energy was focused on passing the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution and guaranteeing social equality regardless of sex (a). Second Wave Movement in the USA emphasized on three different movements: Womens movement, Feminist movement, Womens Liberation Movement. Feminists viewed the second wave era as ending with the intra-feminism dispute Feminist Sex War over issues such as sexuality and pornography. The Second-Wave Feminism title was coined by Marsha Lear when women of the 1960s sought to connect their ideas to those as reasonable, and by then noncontroversial, as the right to vote; second wave implied that the first wave of feminism ended in the 1920s. The labels first wave and second wave, then, were created at the same time as a way of negotiating feminist space. These terms gave activist women of the late 60s the double-rhetorical advantage of cultivating new ideas while simultaneously rooting them in older, more established ground. Identifying itself as the second wave revived the movement for the public after seeming to lie dormant for some time. Second wavers are often applauded for paying homage to and drawing from the work of first-wave women, as well they should be. But they did so for reasons far beyond a sense of patriotic duty to honor their fore sisters. The second-wave attention to womens rights, and more importantly, to womens liberation, emerged seemingly out of nowhere and needed to reestablish itself as neither particularly new nor fleeting. The labeling that linked the two periods of feminist movement was a rhetorical strategy that helped give clout to 60s womens activism and positioned it as a further evolution of earlier and larger movement. In 1963, Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique spoke volumes about the lives that middle-and upper middle-class women were leading. Her arguments affirmed their malaise and motivated them to cure it by moving out of private and into public space, where no such malaise plagued men (n). Womens Liberation Movement Also known as Second-Wave Feminism, the Womens Liberation Movement (WLM) was a grassroots movement that lasted from approximately 1960 through the early 1980s, seeking for economic, political, and social equality for women in the Americas and Britain. The WLM in Britain is generally considered to have begun in 1969, when a confederation of local groups formed the Womens Liberation Workshop, followed in 1970 by the establishment of the National Womens Coordinating Committee. Feminists articulated four main areas of concerns: equal pay, access to birth controls and abortion, expanding educational opportunity, childcare. The United Nations declared 1975 as the International Year of the Woman and the beginning of a decade for Women (3). Gender Inequality in Laws, Culture, and Politics Industrial feminism doesnt fit into the established categories of American feminist history. There was a popular misconception that feminism was reserved for the middle and upper classes. The four working class women activists, Shavelson, Cohn, Newman and Schneiderman pursued the dream through four strategies that became the blue print for working-class womens activism in 20th century USA (b). By 1960, the size of the female labor force had nearly doubled, now enrolling almost one in three women. The majority of women workers, fully 60 percent, were married, over 40 percent of them were mothers of school-age children, and they most often had secured white-collar rather than industrial jobs. (f). In 1979, a group of smart, strong-willed women, fiercely independent, but recognizing the need for collective action, forged a new organization in New York City, United Tradeswomen (UT). White and black, Hispanic and Asian, UT was also occupationally diverse: Entenmann bakery truck drivers, bridge painters, utility workers, firefighters, and hundreds of skilled trades apprentices. From its inception, UT succeeded in providing a space for women to meet and to talk. The majority of women participating in the organization were experiencing significant hardships at work and meeting up with the resistance within their unions. UT fell apart in 1985 as internal divisions grew and the commitment of the original organizers waned (g). Womens Rights In the US, women have adorned American money since the founding of a new nation. Until 1979, though all women depicted were allegorical representations of republican ideals, such as liberty. The US government created the coin to honor Susan B. Anthony and her efforts to guarantee that American women had the right to vote. The US Mint first released the Anthony dollar on July 2, 1979 in the city in which Anthony resided during her politically active years: Rochester, New York (j). Gender Role and Feminism Historically, gender relations have rarely been linked to war and peace, and sexuality has seldom been a component of national security. But in the global War of Ideas, womens oppression and ideological marginalization are ingredients not to be ignored. Womens particular position with children and overseeing the very first steps of education gives them an incredible potential power to initiate and impact massive intellectual change. Taboos about sexual relations are crumbling worldwide, the vivid contrast between mindsets in free societies and the Taliban-like attitude toward sexual freedom on part of jihadists is playing a part in the psychological conditioning of jihadi violence (h). Reproductive and Abortion Rights (Roe v. Wade) Reproductive rights became one of the biggest concerns besides the unofficial inequalities, official legal inequalities, sexuality, family and the work place. Abortion rights were legalized by the US Supreme Court in 1973 following the case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey where the Court affirmed the abortion right granted in Roe v. Wade while permitting further restrictions (d). The practice of abortion is legal in the United States. This seems simple enough, but just like everything about the abortion conflict, there is no easy way to describe abortion law. The law has many sources constitutions, legislative statutes, administrative regulations, courts decisions and to become an expert on abortion law one would have to become familiar with all of them. The foundation of abortion law is the US Constitution as interpreted by The Supreme Court. Constitutional law does not directly regulate abortion. Rather, it sets limits on the powers of the states and the federal government to regulate abortion. The Court has established this constitutional law of abortion through a series of decisions, called case law, especially Roe v. Wade, Doe v. Bol ton, and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Roe v. Wade was a challenge to the constitutionality of the criminal law that Texas enacted in the 1850s. The law prohibited anyone to procure or attempt an abortion except, based on medical advice, for the purpose of saving the life of the mother. Doe v. Bolton was a challenge to Georgias 1968 reform that criminalized abortion except when the pregnancy endangered the life of the mother, there was a rave fetal deformity, or the pregnancy was the result of rape. The Georgia reform was very restrictive. In this case the Georgia legislature had added stringent and cumbersome rules including a requirement that the abortion decision must be approved by a committee and the medical judgment must be confirmed by two doctors in addition to the womans own physician. The justices treated the two cases as a single decision, but it is Roe v. Wade that has become the most famous, the symbol for what is right and wrong (depending on your point of view) with abortion law in the United States (o). Discrimination Against Women From international perspective, in the context of a highly authoritarian and theocratic state in Iran, womens rights have been framed within an Islamist normative discourse, not only by religious and state authorities, but also by some advocates of womens rights. Such strategies have attracted considerable controversy, almost since the immediate aftermath of the Iranian revolution in 1979 (i). In honoring the womens right throughout the world, The United Nation has formed a commission to watch the inequality treatments against women. International Womens Day has become an official day on March 8, 2010 (e). Third Wave Feminism, 1990 to Present Third Wave Feminism began around 1990 and continues into today. It arose primarily out of the experiences of Americans born after 1960 who grew up enjoying many of the advantages second wave feminists had to fight to achieve.(9) It is believed that the third wave picks up where the second wave left off and addresses issues such as racism, oppression, body image, gender categories, and sexuality. In 2004, Unilever PLC with its Dove brand soap launched the Campaign for Real Beauty aimed at beauty stereotypes and self-esteem (10). Emphasis on racism during the third-wave can be seen in the Thomas-Hill hearings in 1991 where a white male running for Supreme Court Justice is accused of sexual harassment by a young black woman. The hearings are credited with bringing public awareness to gender discrimination, and Anita Hill is often refered to as the mother of a new wave of gender discrimination awareness by several feminist groups (12). Issues of the third-wave era can have different meaning for different people around the world. Oppression for a business woman in the United States might mean hitting the glass ceiling for that long awaited promotion. In Afghanistan, it would mean gender apartheid; being stripped of basic human rights and even killed simply because they are women. There are many organization available to address feminist issues on local and global levels. http://feministmajority.org/about/index.asp http://www.feministing.com/about.html#aboutFem http://www.now.org/

Virginia V. Sebelius Essay example -- Health Care, US Government

Health care has been a much needed but problematic institution for the United States over the last several decades. Particularly private companies have been the main cause of high premiums and the denial of coverage for the previously ill. In attempts to remedy these issues, Congress in conjunction with the President of the United States Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The PPACA is a federal state that focused on the reformation of the private health insurance market, provide better coverage for those with existing conditions, and improve the conditions of Medicare. Within this statute there is the section 1501 mandate, the Minimum Essential Coverage Provision, which requires every citizen, besides the exempt, to maintain a minimum level of health care by 2012. Those choosing not to participate will be subject to a momentary tax with their annual income tax returns. Since its creation, this particular mandate has caused a great deal of cont roversy. In early 2010, the Commonwealth of Virginia passed into law, a statute that forbade any type of mandate that would force citizens to purchase health insurance. They believed such a mandate would cause an immediate and continuing burden of the State and its citizens. Although it was created months before the PPACA statute it is clear the Virginia statute come in direct conflict with the federal mandate. It is the responsibility of the courts to solve this conflict between the two parties, Virginia and Kathleen Sebelius. The Commonwealth of Virginia has lodge a complaint with the about the constitutionality of the PPACA statute. Through the state’s Attorney General, it challenges the enforcement of the statute due on part to section 1501 of th... ...only a choice between participation or retaliation. In New York v. U.S., the courts found that Congress cannot directly force states to legislate is accordance to their scheme. Forcing a state to participation or penalty is coercive in nature. This would counter the federalist structure outlined in the tenth amendment. In closing the constitutionality of this mandate is a minimum sketchy and often steps over the delicate boundaries allotted to Congress. Although there are a multitude of precedents to rule in favor of the defendant, doing so could leave a means in which to bring Congress unrestricted powers. Our goal is not to create a police State where the federalist structure becomes miniscule to the greater good of the poor, sick, and unfortunate. Although, the court supports the intentions of the PPACA statute the means of accomplishing them cannot be backed.

The Role of Business Education in Secondary Schools Essay -- essays pa

The Role of Business Education in Secondary Schools Education and Vocational Education have many roles in today’s schools. Vocational education focuses on the future employment of the student, by using practical application. Vocational education gives students the opportunity to learn with hands-on experience. This can help in several areas of gaining an education. Most notably, this gives the student the opportunity to find out if this is what they want to do. Students will get a real-world experience very early on in their education. This experience can greatly enrich a student’s education by giving them the opportunity to become involved in activities that are relevant to their lives, therefore, becoming a source of motivation. Education provides these same experiences to a certain extent, but the connection to real-world experience is much less defined. I believe it is the obligation of an educator to help create lifelong learners out of our students. Three key elements need to be present for this to take place. Confidence, relevance and motivation must all be present. Students need to have the confidence to try and succeed, or try and fail. This may sound like a trivial example, but I believe it is essential to success. Without knowing and understanding failure, students will not be able to appreciate success and what it takes to succeed. Confidence will be gained through the trial and error that takes place in the successful business educator’s classroom. Rele...

Dropping of the Droppings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

In 1945, following the ending of World War II in Europe, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, thereby ending World War II with Japan as well. This event has been controversial to the present day. With this controversy in mind, this research will analyze several aspects of this pivotal event in world history. Why Did the United States Decide to Drop the Bombs?Essentially, the US decided to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki not because of a lust for blood or an ego trip on the part of president Harry S. Truman, but simply because Japan held a mindset of victory or death. For Japan, that meant that if it was not possible to defeat the US in the war, the Japanese would kill as many American soldiers as possible. This was achieved through the massive deployment of the kamikaze, suicide warriors who would fly their aircraft into American warships, strap explosives to their bodies and tackle American soldiers, or employ any number o f other suicide techniques in order to kill US troops (Newman, 1995).Therefore, Truman chose to use the atomic bomb in an ironic way to save many more lives in the long term by using one powerful weapon to blast the Japanese into submission. Results of the Event on the United States and the World For the US, the dropping of the atomic bomb sent a powerful message to the rest of the world that this nation would not be intimidated or tolerate any aggression against it. The dropping of the atomic bomb meant years of painful physical and mental effects for the Japanese people.For the world, this pivotal event signaled the beginning of a nuclear arms race, which erupts in some ways to this day. Conclusion What is seen in the tale of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in conclusion are lessons about the price of war, the quest for healing, and the realization that nuclear war is an option that must be carefully considered, lest it become too common a solution for the problems of the world. Works Cit ed Newman, R. P. (1995). Truman and the Hiroshima Cult. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.

ABC Management Company: Organizing for Mid-Range Service

1. List some of the important organizational and service factors that the executives of ABC Management should consider before responding to the owners of the three mid-range service properties. Since the hotels are within the mid range (350-500 rooms), a room director will be needed to supervise the departments that make up the rooms division, another director for the food and beverage department and supervisors in the subdivision under the food and beverage department.Other key members of the management team that should be included are a director of sales and marketing, controller, and a director of human resources. Other hotel service and organizational factors should also include an executive housekeeper and director of catering as part of the management team. Some of these positions may be limited as some of them can be done by one person. I am a strong believer in department heads. Considering that they are taking in three hotels with a range in size of 350-450 rooms each, it wo uld be best to consider department heads for more control and organization. 2. Create an organization chart that ABC Management could use to identify management positions for the operation of a 450-room, mid-range service hotel. Aside of the organization chart, briefly describe each management position’s primary responsibilities. Primary Duties of each department head are listed below. However, they are not limited. There are just a few items listed. Position Oversees Responsibility General Hotel Manager All departments†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Responsible for maximizing revenues and flow through to GOP to meet or exceed budgeted EBITDA. †¢Ã‚     Responsible for preparation of property budget and forecasts. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Manages labor standards and property level expenses to achieve maximum flow through to the bottom line profit. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Promotes 100%Guest satisfaction throughout property. Instills the 100% guest satisfaction objective to AGM and hourly associates.†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Ensures that all guest related issues are resolved in a manner consistent with the company’s goals and objectives. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Recruits qualified applicants. Trains employees in accordance with company standards. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Motivates and gives direction to all employees. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicates all policies and procedures to entire staff Rooms Division Manger Front Desk, Uniform Services, Housekeeping †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Train hotel associates/administration †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicates all policies and procedures to entire staff Supervise continuous 7 day/week, 24 hour front office operation, night audit and housekeeping operations and assigned staff, including hiring, training, evaluating performance and scheduling work. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Formulate budgets and prepare monthly revenue/expense forecasts. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintain customer service/satisfaction standards; handle customer service issues. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintain and operate all computer equipment. Food and Beverage ManagerFood Production, Restaurants, Banquets, Cocktail Lounge, Room Service †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Check budgets, payroll and food order invoices from suppliers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Hire and schedules servers, bartenders and other food service employees, assigns kitchen staff to cooking and preparation tasks, and determines service standards for personnel. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowledge of American and ethnic cuisine, food preparation and the costs of purchasing items for particular dishes. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Plan menus for restaurants and special events like banquets. Sales & Marketing Manager Sales & Marketing†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Develops and manages sales/marketing operating budgets. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Plans and oversees advertising and promotion activities including print, online, electronic media, and direct mail. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Develops and recommends product positioning, packaging, and pricing strategy to produce the highest possible long-term market share. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Achieves satisfactory profit/loss ratio and  market share in relation to preset standards and industry and economic trends.Controller Hotel Finances†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Takes ownership for the production of monthly financial and management accounts, budgets and forecasts and to ensure strong financial controls and processes operate throughout the business. †¢Ã‚      Manages a designated team, ensuring month end accounts are prepared in a timely and accurate manner, producing statutory accounts, preparing business budgets and forecasts, managing cash flow and working cross functionally in order to champion commercial initiatives.Accounting Manager Payables & Receivables†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Achieves accounting operational objectives by contributing accounting information and recommendations to strategic plans and reviews. †¢Ã‚      Meets accounting financial objectives by forecasting requirements. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Confirms financial status by monitoring revenue and expenses. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintains accounting controls by establishing a chart of accounts. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Guides other departments by researching and interpreting accounting policy; applying observations and recommendations to operational issues.Director of Human Resources Human Resources Department†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Employee services and counseling. †¢Ã‚      Employee safety, welfare, wellness, and health. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Charitable giving. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Organizational and space planning. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Performance management and improvement systems. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Employment and compliance to regulatory concerns. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Policy development and community communication. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Compensation and benefits administration. 3. Create an organization chart that ABC Management could use to identify front office positions for the operation of a 450-room, mid-range service hotel. Aside of the organization chart, briefly describe each front officeposition’s primary responsibilities. Position Oversees Responsibility Front Office MangerAssistant Front Office Manager, Security Agent, and Reservations Supervisor †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Is able to effectively interpret financial results in regards to revenues, payroll, costs, and expenses. †¢Ã‚      Establish and monitor cost and expense control systems and procedures to achieve budgets. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Take corrective measures and actions to ensure highest possible profitability. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Personally and frequently verify that guests are receiving the best possible service. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Demanding on service standards as well as hygiene standards. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Ensures speedy and accurate service at all times.   Assistant Front Office Mgr Front Office Supervisor AM/PM, Front Desk Agent†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Responsible for employees to project professionalism and are well trained to provide friendly service. †¢Ã‚      Periodically inspects rooms to ensure cleanliness and well maintained rooms. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Assists the Front Office Manger. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Aware of new market trends and activities of competitors.Security AgentSecurity of the hotel†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Check doors and stairwells to make sure the locks are secure and no danger is lurking. †¢Ã‚      Patrols outdoors as well as room hallways and activity areas. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Response to complaints and calls for help. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Purchases, maintains, and monitor security cameras, alarm systems, and other electronic surveillance equipment. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Escort unruly patrons from the property. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Administrative Duties.  Ã‚  Reservations SupervisorReservation Agent†¢Ã‚   Reserves rooms for guests. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Interacts with upper management to inform them of special events or local  affairs. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicates with housekeeping and service staffs to share customer concerns and propose resolutions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicates with the sales and marketing department for develop advertising and promotional campaigns.  Ã‚  Front Office Supervisor Front Desk†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Reports to Assistant Front Office Manager. †¢Ã‚      Overview of the Front Office Department. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Checklist of all arrival and departures. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Handling complaints and issues about the service. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Welcoming and greeting all guests and the VIP. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Bookings and Reservations. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Supervise the Front Office Staff on a daily basis. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Schedule employees.Reservation AgentGuest Reservations†¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Register guests as they come into the hotel. †¢Ã‚      Inform guests on hotel happenings †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Works as a liaison between guests and maintenance personnel. Front Office AgentGuests †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Greets and welcomes guests. †¢Ã‚      Reservations. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Cash and Credit Card handling. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚   Check guests in.  The above positions may even be trickled down to just a few positions as they can go under one position. For example, the Front Offic e Agent can do the same tasks as the Reservation Agent. I indicated these for just in case ABC Management needed them in order to service the guests better by splitting up the positions and responsibilities.

Great Power Hegemony

Name: Sayed Jamaluddin Firozi, St no: 1B1019 Great power hegemony There is a question that which system (empire, balance of power, concert of power or great power hegemony) provides the best conditions for advancing peace, prosperity and civilization? There are several opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of each system and the functions, abilities and disabilities of them to maintaining the peace and stability in international arena. But I want to argue on hegemonic power system as a preventer of war among states and a maintainer of peace as comparison to other suggested types of system for advancing peace, stability and civilization in all over the world. Hegemonic power system is the best system for advancing peace, prosperity and preventing war among states comparing to other types of systems such as empire, balance of power, and concert of power. In this paper I will argue that as history of international relations show most wars and conflicts among states occurred in a lack of a hegemonic power because a hegemonic power try to act as a policeman and don’t let the states to start war. If war happens mostly the super power will enter the war to stop it because the hegemonic power does see itself as a policeman to have the right to intervene. So, hegemonic power is good for making peace and stability in the world. There are many reasons that great power hegemony system could be the best option for developing peace and preventing the war. It is clear that two world wars happened in the absence of a great hegemonic power. For example if in the 1910s there was great power hegemony the First World War may did not happen. In addition, hegemonic power system naturally makes its allies and don’t want to go just for its own interest but also look for others as well. In contrast in balance of power each actor in the system try to pursue its national interests and want to increase the power in terms of military or other resources. Furthermore, great power hegemony can be very helpful in cooperation among states, because the hegemonic power bear the most cost of transaction in the system. For example USA as a hegemonic state â€Å"pays the 22 percent regular expenditure of United Nation and 25 percent of the budget while UN goes for peacekeeping operations around the world. On the other hand, â€Å"the system of balance of power doesn’t seem to contribute the cooperation among states but in contrast it pushes the states to go for a competition and armament race because each state in the system will increase its capabilities to make the balance in the system. Eventually this competition will lead nation state to build its arm forces†. However, there are some arguments about the weakness of hegemonic power to prevent states from going to war. They argue that hegemonic power has its own limitations in term of internal and external barriers to go as policeman around the world. This arguments see very good and logic. But they don’t have any proposal that which system could be the best to make the world more peaceful and prosperous. So, despite these points of view the other types of system such as balance of power or concert of power likely aren’t good replacement for great power hegemony system to be succeeded for making peace and stability in the world. So I will try to give more examples from history of international relations to show the other systems (empire and balance of power or concert of power) couldn’t make a stable and peaceful world. But mostly went to war and there was fear of attack from other country in the era of those systems. In conclusion, there might be some suggestion for advancing peace, prosperity and stability within the system of great power hegemony. References: 1. Luard, Evan. The balance of power: The System of International Relations, 1648 – 1815, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1992. 2. Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, Random House, New York, 1987 3. Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996. 4. Journal of Peace Research. 5. Brooking Institution Press. 6. The Better World Campaign. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. . U. S. Dues and Contributions to the United Nations, The Better World Campaign, http://www. betterworldcampaign. org/issues/funding/us-dues-and-contributions. h tml , [ 3 ]. . Journal of p eace research, 1964-2007 (Vols. 1-44), http://www. jstor. org/stable/422972? seq=3

About KFC Essay

Colonel Harland Sanders, born September 9, 1890, actively began franchising his chicken business at the age of 65. Now, the KFC ® business he started has grown to be one of the largest quick service food service systems in the world. And Colonel Sanders, a quick service restaurant pioneer, has become a symbol of entrepreneurial spirit. More than a billion of the Colonel’s â€Å"finger lickin’ good† chicken dinners are served annually. And not just in North America. The Colonel’s cooking is available in more than 80 countries and territories around the world. When the Colonel was six, his father died. His mother was forced to go to work, and young Harland had to take care of his three-year-old brother and baby sister. This meant doing much of the family cooking. By the age of seven, he was a master of several regional dishes. At age 10, he got his first job working on a nearby farm for $2 a month. When he was 12, his mother remarried and he left his home near Henryville, Ind., for a job on a farm in Greenwood, Ind. He held a series of jobs over the next few years, first as a 15-year-old streetcar conductor in New Albany, Ind., and then as a 16-year-old private, soldiering for six months in Cuba. After that he was a railroad fireman, studied law by correspondence, practiced in justice of the peace courts, sold insurance, operated an Ohio River steamboat ferry, sold tires, and operated service stations. When he was 40, the Colonel began cooking for hungry travelers who stopped at his service station in Corbin, Ky. He didn’t have a restaurant then, but served folks on his own dining table in the living quarters of his service station. As more people started coming just for food, he moved across the street to a motel and restaurant that seated 142 people. Over the next nine years, he perfected his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices and the basic cooking technique that is still used today. Sander’s fame grew. Governor Ruby Laffoon made him a Kentucky Colonel in 1935 in recognition of his contributions to the state’s cuisine. And in 1939, his establishment was first listed in Duncan Hines’ â€Å"Adventures in Good Eating.† In the early 1950s a new interstate highway was planned to bypass the town of Corbin. Seeing an end to his business, the Colonel auctioned off his operations. After paying his bills, he was reduced to living on his $105 Social Security checks. Confident of the quality of his fried chicken, the Colonel devoted himself to the chicken franchising business that he started in 1952. He traveled across the country by car from restaurant to restaurant, cooking batches of chicken for restaurant owners and their employees. If the reaction was favorable, he entered into a handshake agreement on a deal that stipulated a payment to him of a nickel for each chicken the restaurant sold. By 1964, Colonel Sanders had more than 600 franchised outlets for his chicken in the United States and Canada. That year, he sold his interest in the U.S. company for $2 million to a group of investors including John Y. Brown Jr., who later was governor of Kentucky from 1980 to 1984. The Colonel remained a public spokesman for the company. In 1976, an independent survey ranked the Colonel as the world’s second most recognizable celebrity. Under the new owners, Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation grew rapidly. It went public on March 17, 1966, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange on January 16, 1969. More than 3,500 franchised and company-owned restaurants were in worldwide operation when Heublein Inc. acquired KFC Corporation on July 8, 1971, for $285 million. Kentucky Fried Chicken became a subsidiary of R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. (now RJR Nabisco, Inc.), when Heublein Inc. was acquired by Reynolds in 1982. KFC was acquired in October 1986 from RJR Nabisco, Inc. by PepsiCo, Inc., for approximately $840 million. In January 1997, PepsiCo, Inc. announced the spin-off of its quick service restaurants — KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut — into an independent  restaurant company, Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. In May 2002, the company announced it received shareholders’ approval to change it’s corporation name to Yum! Brands, Inc. The company, which owns A&W All-American Food Restaurants, KFC, Long John Silvers, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell restaurants, is the world’s largest restaurant company in terms of system units with nearly 32,500 in more than 100 countries and territories. Until he was fatally stricken with leukemia in 1980 at the age of 90, the Colonel traveled 250,000 miles a year visiting the KFC restaurants around the world. And it all began with a 65-year-old gentleman who used his $105 Social Security check to start a business. KFC KFC operates in 74 countries and territories throughout the world under the name â€Å"Kentucky Fried Chicken† and/or â€Å"KFC.† It was founded in Corbin, Kentucky by Colonel Harland D. Sanders, an early developer of the quick service food business and a pioneer of the restaurant franchise concept. The Colonel perfected his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices for Kentucky Fried Chicken in 1939 and signed up his first franchisee in 1952. By the time KFC was acquired by PepsiCo in 1986, it had grown to approximately 6,600 units in 55 countries and territories. KFC restaurants offer fried chicken products and some also offer non-fried chicken-on-the-bone products, with the principal entree items sold in pieces under the names Original Recipe, Extra Tasty Crispy and Tender Roast. Other principal entree items include Chunky Chicken Pot Pies, Colonel’s Crispy Strips, and various chicken sandwiches. KFC restaurants also offer a variety of side items, such as biscuits, mashed potatoes and gravy, cole slaw and corn, as well as desserts and non-alcoholic beverages. Their decor is characterized by the image of the Colonel and distinctive packaging includes the â€Å"Bucket† of chicken. In 1996, KFC’s worldwide system sales of over $8 billion grew faster than the industry average even though the number of restaurants in its global system did not materially increase. This growth was largely due to the impact of new products as shown by the fact that same store sales in Company-operated stores in the U.S. increased 6%. In 1995, same store sales for Company-operated stores in the U.S. were also strong, increasing 7%. For the first half of 1997, KFC same store sales growth for Company-operated units in the U.S. was consistently positive resulting in a 4% growth rate for the 24 week period. Average U.S. system-wide sales per traditional unit in 1996 were $775,000. YUM BRANDS The Yum! Brands, Inc. organization is currently made up of six subsidiaries organized around its five core concepts, KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, A&W All-American Food Restaurants and Long John Silvers. Yum! Brands and KFC is based in Louisville, Kentucky; Pizza Hut and Yum! Restaurants International are headquartered in Dallas, Texas; Taco Bell is based in Irvine, California; and A & W All-American Food Restaurants and Long John Silvers are based in Lexington, Kentucky. Each of Yum! Brands’ concepts are engaged in the operation, development, franchising and licensing of a system of both traditional and non-traditional QSR units. Non-traditional units include express units and kiosks which have a more limited menu and operate in non-traditional locations like airports, gas and convenience stores, stadiums, amusement parks and colleges, where a full-scale traditional outlet would not be practical or efficient. In addition, there are approximately 367 units housing more than one concept (â€Å"2n1s†). Of these, approximately 354 units offer both the full KFC menu and a limited menu of Taco Bell products, and approximately 13 units offer both the full KFC menu and a limited menu of Pizza Hut products. In each concept, consumers can either dine in or carry out food. In addition, Taco Bell and KFC offer a drive-through option in many stores. Pizza Hut and, on a much more limited basis, KFC offer delivery service. Each concept has proprietary menu items and emphasizes the preparation of food with high quality ingredients as well as unique recipes and special seasonings to provide appealing, tasty and attractive food at competitive prices. VISION Our passion, as a restaurant company, is to put a YUM on people’s faces around the world, satisfying customers every time they eat our food and doing it better than any other restaurant company. A&W, KFC, Long John Silver’s, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell offer customers food they crave, comeback value, and customer-focused teams. The unique eating experience at each of our restaurants make our customers smile and inspire their loyalty for life. Toward that end, our 750,000 associates around the world are trained to be customer maniacs. With sales now in excess of $1 billion in Australia, we have proof positive of the power of Customer Mania. But what’s at its core? Three things, really:  · Operational excellence  · Great marketing and advertising  · Real â€Å"sit up and take notice† customer service When we took the concept of Mania to our Restaurant Team Members – the talented people who deal with our customers day in, day out, every day – they embraced it with passion. They took the program and ran with it, becoming powerful catalysts for change throughout our entire organization! Why? Simple – Customer Mania unlocked their enthusiasm and creativity, empowering them to do whatever it takes to satisfy guests. Listening to the Voice of the Customer Customer Mania is a great concept, but how would we give it meat? By listening to the Voice of the Customer! One initiative we undertook in Australia was to invite RGMs to customer research sessions, where they could closely observe customers talking about their experiences in our restaurants. Their stories – good and bad – were telling. Customers complained about speed and communication in the KFC drive-thrus, and the lack of ready access to a manager in the restaurant. As a direct result of these focus groups, our Customer Mania team developed two important initiatives: Improving our drive-thru facilities and service to make them more customer-friendly, and revamping our problem resolution process.  · Drive-thru: We embarked on building large glass boxes at the entry to drive-thrus, with menus and an attendant replacing the speaker. These changes will make the drive-thru experience much more personal and more responsive.  · Problem resolution process: We took our best frontline workers, put them through additional LAST training, and empowered them to resolve customer complaints on the spot. As a result, customer complaints made to the home office have been reduced dramatically – down over 50%! It’s all about Leadership No doubt we’ve got a long way to go. But it’s clear to me that the five leadership principles we’ve established for Customer Mania are working, and are worth sharing:  · Lead from the top  · Stay the course, create a â€Å"five-year journey† mindset  · Be consistent  · Recognize, recognize, recognize  · Define what success looks like  · Good luck, and Yum to you!

Structured society relies on people knowing how to survive in Western Civilization

Structured society relies on people knowing how to survive, and also how to survive with others. According to Owen, (1997), there exist the general skeleton of the social order which is so well distinct, planned, and planned that there’s room for personal freedom and creativity within the organization. In structured society, people works while every individual knowing his duty, for example if the society is structured, socially politically and economically. There need to be law and order hence need for specialization, this reduces conflict in terms of role assignment. The specialization is known to be the major drive for civilization. When mixed with division of labor, specialization allows for maintenance of law and order. In such societies duties and responsibilities are stated, for example in political structure we have the roles of the president affirmed and written in the constitution therefore one has guidelines to abide with. The leader has to have subject to rule, it’s not possible to have rulers if you have no people to rule, hence need for structured society whereby people are civilized and are able to live together in harmony. Law and order is very vital in such societies (Owen, 1997). Christiano (2004) observes that when we live within the law, we share in the common good which helps all, and provides for a better world to grow and live in. But In Aristotelian scholasticism, ethics which are the basis for law are understood to mean the science for good life (Barford, 1996). In the same context, man is regarded as rational animal and therefore able to act in accordance with the right reason and also able to act justly and courageous. As members of the society, we are supposed to come together and advance based on the laws of the society we live in. Reilly (2000) thinks that liberty was necessary for revolution only when used like a guiding rule, he emphasized that independence of each person must be respected. However, according to him total freedom for all cannot exist as a basis of the society. For one person to have entirely autonomy over another person, the other person will have to give up their freedom to allow the former to survive. When people move from their tribal clique, races to join new people in the working places for example town, they are said to undergo civilization which is a slow process which started long time ago more than 5000 years ago (Jessop, 1998). Civilization brings positive competition where everyone will do his best to be on the top of other ladder, sparkle. Civilized People are able to live together irrespective of their social background; it has increased trust between individuals to an extent that people are able to collect each other whenever a neighbor go astray, therefore togetherness in the community. Natural law is viewed by many philosophers as the instrument used in the exploration of gods will. As Martin, (1999) explains, natural law is different from theology, in that it does not rely fully on supernatural law or revealed sources but on empirical evidence concerning human existence and nature. Natural law is a source of social norm in the society. It provides the basis for moral system in different religious group. According to Owen (1997), in whatever setting of the society and religion, all share the common frame work of natural law. Looking at the process of absorbing social norm, members of a society utilize socialization and education to distinguish between the good and the evil. Social norms are based on human nature and are important convections required to achieve social stability. The major objective of natural law is to make or sustain socially valued roles for people in their society, in case where an individual holds valued social roles, one is highly likely to receive in return those good things in life that are obtainable in that society hence the society always a way of paying those people who adhere to its norms. In additional all sorts valued things that other people are able to pass on are almost involuntarily accorded to a person who holds societal appreciated roles, at least within the resources and norms ones society. (Barford, 1996). Most human being societies have adopted certain societal norms which result either from ethics or from intrinsic ideas. But according to Young, (2003), consequences are that they partially result to human societies being unable to forbid impunity. Eventually, serious tensions picks in the society that may lead to society’s demolition. Men in general learn to differentiate between good and evil through learning and socialization. Through reason, a man is able to distinguish between what is unacceptable and what can be accepted in a particular society. Some norms are vital for social stability and in this sense such norms are based on human natural history, they are conventions that we need to have a stable society. Therefore society norms and ethics have a major role in setting the society free from disorder (Barford, 1996). If law totally breaks down, then society is worse off than before (Owen, 1997). Socrates believed in this statement and totally refused to break the law. He wondered what kind of citizen he will be if he refused to accept the ruling of the jury. In addition Reilly (2000) in his book the social organization of today are dissimilar from the first civilizations in that primitive cultures depended on unity of people to live. However currently everyone depends on cash inform of monitory value and it has established the same as the common good. According to Kibuka (2000), the society without cash would work mainly because it goes against individual nature. No matter how genuine and accountable people are civilized, people always need a reward. He continue to express criticism that without the reward everything will have no value hence the world will still be far away from civilization. In his book Reilly (2000) argues that an operational, liberated and just society must rest on a basic principle. Right liberty cannot be real for all, unless the civil liberties of all are valued by all, these right can be liberty and the pursuit of happiness. According to Karl Marx, order is highly important for the organization and for maintenance of all human societies and to bring about civilization. He said the higher rank of order a society achieves, the more superior the society tends to be unable to find order and indeed the more chaotic it become (young, 2003). Marx contradicts with Reilly (2000) who thought civilization goes hand in hand with law and order in the system. He points out that through the period of anarchy and revolution a society mainly lack order and therefore becomes chaotic. Both Marx and Reilly (2000) however converge on the same thoughts that societies have a lot of the attributes of the united system; through swapping matter and energy to their surroundings as they add to their order specialization tend to develop. The world is an island and therefore we all need each other to survive and we communication which is the key to the organization and development of all human societies; this involves use of words and symbols. It’s therefore very vital to have a pattern of value, order and norms so that law and order will be maintained in a society; this explains why in a structured society there is need for law and order. In addition order and pattern is the core of social union and function (Cohen & Arato, 2001). Karl Marx quoted that though much energy is put in a society to maintain order, change is unavoidable hence he believed that every society can be destroyed if unity is not maintained by law and order (Young, 2003). At this juncture, Marx was in agreement with (Reilly 2000) who argued out that for there to be order in the society we need law to be followed for law and orders go hand in hand. Reilly (2000) believed that rational societies were structured to attain goals flexibly and were able to meet the test of time therefore adjusting for better. In what I regard as the major achievement of the Greek and Roman Empires, the ancient Greek empire has contributed a lot to civilization of the west. Since inception the Greek philosophy, it has continued to shape the whole of western thought impacting on modern philosophy and modern science (Jessop, 1998). Although many philosophers believe that neither inquiry nor the reason began with the ancient Greeks, the Socratic methods together with his ideas of form are entirely from the Greek. Socrates who was the teacher for Plato was an Athenian philosopher who believed that a person should strive always to do well. He emphasized that one should always know you and he was known for disobeying the bad command (Barford, 1996). Aristotle and Plato work forms the major philosophies that have greatly influenced the western philosophy. The Greece’s were very good in art, history, art and science which many countries including western countries borrowed to shape their growth of civilization. All these cultures begun with what is known as golden age of Greece: it’s the time of cultural prosperity peace and time of law and order in Greece. More so myths, Olympics, democracy rule of law all originated in Greece. Greek’s had a very rich culture which influenced western civilization. The most notable was mainly their philosophy and its culture which dictates their rich norms and values (Hefner, 1998). Greek scientist made radical discoveries in several fields like in mathematics, physics, medicine, biology and astronomy. This forms part of the reason why Greek civilization is still regarded as mother of discoveries. On addition it was first in Greeks where commercial trading post and colonies were founded this led to the growth of trade which in turn led to adoption of septic alphabetical scrip. These scripts led to the development of the subject mathematic. The Greek had several enemies who wanted to conquer them. The conflicts with the Persians did not only make the Greek Empire become very strong but also allowed establishing a very strong form of government which favored specialization (Hefner, 1998). To an extent ancient Greece affected civilization of the west with politics, this is because the Greece was the first to establish the democratic systems. Laws as it’s in many western countries laws were voted on and proposed directly by the assembly of all citizens therefore Greece offered a form of government which is used by the western countries including the US. A form of government which has the Executive branch, the judicial branch and the judicial branch began with the Greece and later borrowed by the west. Greece was the first to realize the important of sports and make sport their tradition hence the first Olympic was held there. Surprisingly, up to date the western countries still compete on the same sports which were held on the first Olympics (Martin, 1999). For ancient Roman, Engineering was a main issue influencing western civilization. Nowadays the Greek technologies are used to build bridges, harbors and roads were buildings in the west. Cohen and Arato (2001) express no doubt that civilization of the west has been shaped and largely based on Greece’s powerful politics, philosophers, medics, sports and classical art. The society has played a big role in the invention of law, in order to advance the concept of the common good. The common good was crucial to normative vision of what can be regarded as good life during the time of the Greek moral philosophy that formed the basis of western thought. The common good entails grasping idea that a person as sacred and social. Common good is based on understanding that human rights and dignity together with well being and human potential are achieved in one’s moral ecology. On the other hand it is the social justice that orients the moral action to the common good. Every person in the society who is dedicated to the quality of life and to the well being of every body gives in to the common good of all since. Plato asserted that in a just society, citizen bestowed themselves to the common good, act morally and wisely, and practices the occupation they are best suited. Aristotle contrary to that recommended that a state should be governed by middle class, because he thought that they are likely to struggle for fairness of the common good. Moreover he stressed that an individual depends on the society in order to survive a truly human life, and even that the state is a natural creation that precedes a person (Owen, 1997). As per St. Augustine, he diverted the natural law of society from one based on reason to one based on divine rule. In his argument, St Augustine Hefner (1998) apprehends God and churches as the vital base of civic virtue, law and order of the social order. Therefore religion is very important in shaping human destiny, for church offers laws and ethics to be followed. Its society’s role to come out with guidelines for defining what is norm and what is right. It is also the society role in general to mold its own people. It has a function of maintaining law and order hence protecting its people. Jessop, (1998) asserts that the main function of civil society is to compel human beings to respect one another’s rights. Civilization can be achieved only when the civil societies in the western countries protect its members to pursue diverse interest at the same time the political parties striving to guide the members towards party goals. Nevertheless, many philosophers predict that the western civilization is on the verge of collapsing. Cohen and Arato (2001) attribute the collapse to invasion of the west culture by other cultures. Although, the west citizens are slowly rejecting their community culture, they still hold some sense of commitment towards it.