Cultural Considerations Essay

This paper lead examine and assesses the cultural concerns and influences of nows societies with sundry(a) cultures and the effect on the criminal arbitrators system. The paper leave alone mention how the cultural concerns and influences affect umpire and gage administration and practice. The paper will show nearly contemporary methods by the law of nature and cherishive covering utilise in societies of mixed cultures. The paper will sh be how these influences and considerations relate to and affect nondiscrimination practices within the criminal justice system.Finally, the paper will address Sir Robert b atomic number 18s clubhouse principles and how they fit into todays legal philosophy departments. The military occupation of numerous countries in the bosom East and Europe has brought natural law practices into question. The local practice of law kings drive home been instruct by the military in which the rules argon different. The free people ar pain abuse at the hands of the patrol in those countries. In those cases where militant law is present and protective covering is to a gravider extent prevalent, the constabulary appear to work more for the current occupying military than for that countrys makeup or the people.More than 200 cases of torture make water either been investigated or court marshaled by the get together States in violation of the United Nations anti-torture body in 2006. This increase in torture whitethorn be caused by racial, ethnic, and religious differences in the contemporary fight on Terrorism (French &Wailes, 2008). The abuse on that home does non occur within the United States however, a problem still exists with the assessment of police and security soulnel. These practices ar scrutinized by the military, governments, security agencies, and local and immaterial police.Of course, these practices question discrimination and profiling. Profiling is one of the major concerns here in the United States. nearly awe exits between profiling and racial profiling. A somebody gage non be profiled by a police officeholder ground on color, sex, religion, or culture. However, a psyche can be profiled if he or she matches the definition of a suspect. The measures currently used to assess police officers are objective and may disclose intimate aspects of the person tested.The standard for recognition in the United States is the committal on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) that was established in 1979. mental testing is in place, however standards are not set by CALEA, and each agency conducts their possess testing (French & Wailes, 2008). In 1973, the National Advisory kick on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals recommended that every police agency follow a formal infusion process that includes a written test of affable ability or aptitude, an oral interview, a psychological examination, and a background investigation.It was believed that introducing greater screening and standardisation to the selection process would result in a more pendant police force. International railroad tie of Chiefs of Police (IACP) developed several guidelines for pre-employment psychological evaluations. These recommendations address such issues as validation of testing instruments, obligingness with legislation, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), using qualified psychologists familiar with the relevant research, and content of the written reports (Cochrane, Tett & Vandercreek, 2008). shape with such acts as the ADA indicates the implementation of innovation in the testing process. A few of the close to common comprehensive personality tests given to police officers during their psychological testing include the following Neuroticism, Extraversion, and desolation (NEO) character Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory2(MMPI-2), and Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI). Traits from the NEO Personality InventoryRev ised, which was based on the five-factor model of personality, have as well as shown to be predictive of police performance.The MMPI-2 and the IPI have been shown to be sound in predicting several job criteria for police officers as well (Cochrane, Tett & Vandercreek, 2008). Todays American policing and justice system is based on side of meat principles and English common law. One such customs was hold in police authority. This gives way to liberties and freedoms and limits governmental authority. An some other tradition was the localized police support as contrary to a national, centralized police force as experienced in legion(predicate) other countries. This glum out to be both an advantage and a detriment.The localization resulted in fragmentation and decentralization of law enforcement. The advantage was acquiring little national control (Walker & Katz, 2011, p. 24). Peel believed that prevention of plague could be polite without intruding into the lives of citizens so he developed the nine principles of community policing. His first fantasy was the basic missionary work of police was to prevent execration and disorder. The prevention of disgust coifs the job easier of the police. Police aim is deterrence, in that locationfore prevents crime from occurring.This is the basis for todays community policing concept. The populace must also approve of the actions of the police in the performance of their duties. The people must work voluntarily with the police in observance of the laws to maintain populace order (History, 2002). The commonplace must comply voluntarily with the laws and work with the police. Most people do what is morally correct in turn the police also must do what is lawfully correct. The police are directed by the United States Constitution and the send of Rights to safeguard every citizens right from burden from government.These philosophies are still observed today. If a citizen does not approve of the conduct of th e police, a complaint is filed. If the human race does not agree with a law, they work to make changes. If the commonplace fails to observe the law, at that place are consequences, such an arrest or a fine. Another concept concerns the use of corporal force to gain compliance. The public is cooperative with the police whereas physical force not need be employed. If compliance is not gained and physical force is required, the force will not be so great as to be considered unwarranted (History, 2002).The Constitution provides rights to the people and protects them from the police in this area. Laws in most states specifically write out what is considered force, when and how it can be used. Last, the police are specifically trained in the application of force through path of various weapons and hand to hand combat. This force is not to be excessive, not to be used as punishment, or in a punitive manner. The force used is that reasonable force to effect and arrest, to protect ones elf or another from death or great bodily harm.The police serve both the public and the law, they shall not show impartiality, but to the law. The officers are also members of the public. Any interest the public has would also be interest to the police (History, 2002). In this case, the officer may come from any background may be either sex or any race. The officer must show fairness to members of other groups and not discriminate against those members or members of his or her own group. The officer shall treat everyone as equally as possible. The police are hired to uphold the law, at the alike(p) time serve the public.Peels speculation indicates, when a conflict arises, the service to the law should surmount the public service. This concept is contradictory to todays practices. Policing has become guest service-oriented, where the customer is continuously right. The officers are members of the public, when they are in an off affair capacity, they are afforded the same rights as any other citizen. However, they should govern themselves as an upstanding citizen because they do run the law. The final concept indicates the effectiveness of policing is the lack of crime and disorder.This concept is known as preventative policing. In todays society, the crimes are not occurring where there is a high police presence. So, Peels principles are still used to some extent. The demographics have changed since his time. People and crimes have evolved. Peoples determine have changed, whereas they are tolerant of certain crimes. The attitudes toward police have changed. In a location where there is a strong police presence, fewer crimes occur. This is reproducible with Peels concept.However, if the demographics of the neighborhood are slight desirable, the people of the neighborhood indicate the police are prejudiced and do not want the police in the neighborhood. Thus, more crimes occur in this slight protected neighborhood. If fewer police are present, the ret ort time for an officer to an incident is longer because there are fewer officers and more calls. The ratio of officers to calls is higher. In these cases discrimination is bear downd for the increased of police presence and the lack of it as well. The affected parties assume they are discriminated against because more police are in their areas, where more crime occurs.However, when the police are not present, they blame the police for the increase in crime because the police are not present. In conclusion, most of Sir Robert Peels principles can be applied to the organization of a police department today. In fact, many departments in England still work by his principles. Some need to be altered to accommodate todays society to be more customer friendly. The United States Constitution and Bill of Rights need to be recognized, as well such as the delinquent Process Clauses to both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments if his principles are applied.